TEAS 7 - Science (Blood) Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
Plasma is the ___ component of the blood and exludes blood cells
A
liquid
2
Q
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are a type of ___ ___ that is made in the bone marrow and found in the blood.
A
blood cell
3
Q
Where are red blood cells (erythrocytes) made?
A
bone marrow
4
Q
Red blood cells contain a protein called ___, which carries ___ from the lungs to all parts of the body.
A
hemoglobin
oxygen
5
Q
What protein is attached to red blood cells? What does this protein carry?
A
hemoglobin
oxygen
6
Q
White blood cells (leukocytes) are part of the body’s ___ system. They help the body ___ infection and other diseases.
A
immune
fight
7
Q
Types of white blood cells
A
- granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)
- monocytes
- lymphocytes (T cells and B cells)
8
Q
Blood is considered ___ tissue.
A
connective tissue
9
Q
What are the 4 primary constituents of blood?
A
- red blood cells (erythrocytes)
- white blood cells (leukocytes)
- platelets (cell fragments)
- plasma (straw-colored liquid)
10
Q
What is the typical volume of blood in adults?
A
5 L
11
Q
Besides containing the cells, plasma contains ____ , amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, ___, electrolytes, cellular wastes and ___.
A
vitamins
lipids
hormones
12
Q
If we were to separate the solid from the liquid portion of blood, we would see that it is about ___% cells and ___% plasma by volume. This separation is done in clinical laboratories and is called a ___.
A
45%
55%
hematocrit
13
Q
A hematocrit is performed in clinical labs and ___ the solid from the liquid portion of blood.
A
separates
14
Q
What do we call the fluid portion of blood?
A
plasma
15
Q
What does the solid portion of blood consist of?
A
cells
16
Q
All blood cells come from the same cell of origin known as a ___ (stem cell). The hemocytoblast can differentiate into any of the mature blood cells by responding to factors called ___ ___ factors.
A
hemocytoblast
colony-stimulating
17
Q
stem cell that all blood cells come from
A
hemocytoblast
18
Q
Blood cells are known as the ___ ___ of the blood.
A
formed elements
19
Q
Of the formed elements, which one makes up the largest percentage of the blood?
A
red blood cells (erythrocytes)
20
Q
What is the red blood cell’s primary function?
A
to transport oxygen
21
Q
The red blood cell’s primary function is to transport ___. They have a unique ___ disc shape that functions to increase the surface area of the cell in order to allow a ___ amount of oxygen-binding.
A
oxygen
biconcave
greater
22
Q
The red color of the cell is due to the presence of a protein molecule called ___. Hemoglobin makes up about one-third of the cell’s volume.
A
hemoglobin
one-third
23
Q
Why are red blood cells the color red?
A
hemoglobin
24
Q
Hemoglobin is the ___ molecule for oxygen and carbon dioxide. ___ is formed when oxygen combines with hemoglobin. Oxyhemoglobin is a ___ red color.
A
transport
Oxyhemoglobin
bright
25
___ is formed when oxygen is released from hemoglobin. Deoxyhemoglobin is a ___ red color. Deoxygenated blood looks bluish under the skin because the skin filters out some of the light.
Deoxyhemoglobin
dull
26
Hemoglobin also transports carbon dioxide. Carbaminohemoglobin is formed when ___ ___ combines with hemoglobin. A small amount of carbon dioxide is transported this way.
carbon dioxide
27
What is hemoglobin called when oxygen combines with it?
oxyhemoglobin
28
What is hemoglobin called when oxygen is released from it?
deoxyhemoglobin
29
What is hemoglobin called when carbon dioxide is combined with it?
carbaminohemoglobin
30
Since the main function of red blood cells is to transport gasses, is there need for a nucleus or mitochondria?
no
31
Where do red blood cells develop?
bone marrow
32
The process of blood cell formation is called ___.
hematopoiesis
33
The process of ___ cell formation is called hematopoiesis. The process of red blood cell formation is known as ___.
blood
erythropoiesis
34
In erythropoiesis, immature red blood cells called ___ differentiate from ___ in the presence of the hormone erythropoietin.
erythroblasts
hemocytoblasts
35
What hormone causes hemocytoblasts to differentiate into erythroblasts?
erythropoietin
36
Erythropoietin is the ___ that causes hemocytoblasts to differentiate into erythroblasts. It is secreted by the kidneys and liver in response to ___ oxygen concentration in the blood.
hormone
low
37
Erythroblasts still contain a nucleus and mitochondria and produce the hemoglobin. When they mature into ___, they shed the nucleus and mitochondria.
erythrocytes
38
Do erythroblasts have a nucleus or mitochondria? What about erythrocytes?
Yes
No
Erythroblasts still contain a nucleus and mitochondria and produce the hemoglobin. When they mature into erythrocytes, they shed the nucleus and mitochondria.
39
The red blood cells then circulate in the bloodstream for approximately ___ days. During their lifetime they slowly wear out from passing through small ___ membranes
120
capillary
40
Each cell can travel through the body as many as 75,000 times. After about ___ days they become worn enough to pass through capillary membranes in the spleen and liver. There they are broken down and phagocytized by ___ (white blood cells) and the ___ is recycled.
120
macrophages
hemoglobin
41
Hemoglobin is broken down in the ___ and ___ into four globin molecules and one heme molecule.
liver
spleen
42
Hemoglobin is broken down into four ___ molecules and one ___ molecule.
globin
heme
43
Hemoglobin is broken down into four globin molecules and one heme molecule. The heme molecule breaks down into ___ and ___. Some of the iron combines with a molecule of ___ and is recycled in the bone marrow. The rest of the iron is combined with ___ and stored in the liver. The biliverdin is converted to ___ (an orange pigment) and both bilirubin and biliverdin are secreted in the bile and end up in the digestive tract.
iron
biliverdin
transferrin
ferrin
bilirubin
44
An indicator of the amount of red blood cells in the bloodstream is known as the ___ ___ ___ count.
red blood cell count
45
What is the red blood cell count?
the number of red blood cells in a cubic millimeter of blood
46
An increase in the red blood cell count is known as ___ or ___.
erythrocytosis or erythemia
47
Erythrocytosis or erythemia (increase in blood cell count) is caused by ___ disease, poisoning, and dehydration. A ___increase in red blood cell count occurs when people living at sea level visit high altitude environments.
lung
temporary
48
A decrease in the red blood cell count is known as ___.
anemia
49
Anemia can be caused by a number of factors such as vitamin ___ deficiency, blood loss, and __ deficiency.
B12
iron
50
Deficiency of vitamin B12 results from either a ___ problem or stomach lining problem, a type of anemia called ___ anemia can develop.
dietary
pernicious
51
The cells in pernicious anemia are usually ___ (macrocytic). This is because the larger hemocytoblast has not ___ fully into a smaller erythrocyte.
larger
differentiated
52
Iron is also needed for the production of red blood cells. Iron is needed for the production of ___. Iron deficiencies can also result in an anemia known as ___ ___ anemia. The cells in iron deficiency anemia are usually smaller and contain ___ hemoglobin.
hemoglobin
iron deficiency anemia
less
53
What is needed to make red blood cells?
vitamin B12
folic acid
iron
54
What is needed for vitamin B12 absoption to occur?
intrinsic factor
55
Intrinsic factor is needed in order for ___ ___ absorption to occur. Intrinsic factor is secreted by the ___. Damage to the stomach lining can ___ the secretion of the intrinsic factor and produce a vitamin B12 deficiency.
vitamin B12
stomach
decrease
56
Vitamin ___ and ___ acid are needed in order to allow the hemocytoblast to fully develop into a ___ red blood cell.
B12
folic
mature
57
What can cause a deficiency in vitamin B12?
a dietary problem or stomach lining problem
58
What kind of anemia can result from a deficiency in vitamin B12?
pernicious anemia
59
White blood cells are also called ___.
leukocytes
60
White blood cells are found in the blood, but many also work ___ of the circulatory system in organs and tissues.
outside
61
What are the 2 major categories of leukocytes?
Granulocytes - have a granular cytoplasm
agranulocytes - no granular cytoplasm
62
Granulocytes tend to be significantly ___ than red blood cells.
larger
63
What are the 3 types of granulocytes?
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
64
Granulocytes also have a significantly ___ lifespan (measured in hours) than red blood cells (120 days)
shorter
65
Which cell comprises the majority of leukocytes?
neutrophils (a granulocyte)
66
What is the function of neutrophils?
phagocytosis
67
Which cells arrive first to fight infection?
neutrophils
68
Neutrophils are ___ than red blood cells and contain a segmented nucleus. They are the ___ of leukocytes. Their function is primarily ___ of bacteria and viruses. They are the ___ cells to arrive at an infection.
larger
majority
phagocytosis
first
69
Basophils have large ___ and a bilobed nucleus. The granules contain substances that promote ___ such as histamine which causes vasodilation and heparin which is an anticoagulant.
granules
inflammation
70
What is the function of basophils?
Basophils have granules. These granules are filled with enzymes, like histamine, that are released during allergic reactions.
71
___ are the only white blood cells circulating around your body that contain histamine.
Basophils
72
Eosinophils have small granules and a bilobed nucleus. Eosinophils moderate ___ reactions and defend against parasites.
allergic
73
Agranulocytes are a category of leukocytes that do not contain ___ in their cytoplasms.
granules
74
___ have a granular cytoplasm while ___ do not have granules in their cytoplasm.
Granulocytes
agranulocytes
75
What are 2 types of agranulocytes?
monocytes
lymphocytes
76
Monocytes are ___ leukocytes so there are no granules in the cytoplasm. Monocytes have a ___ ___ nucleus; their function is to clean up debris and ingest bacteria via ___.
agranular
kidney-shaped
phagocytosis
77
What is the function of monocytes?
to clean up debris and ingest bacteria via phagocytosis
78
Lymphocytes are about the ___ size as a red blood cell. They have a ___ nucleus. There are 2 major types of lymphocytes which include ___ lymphocytes. Their primary function is to provide immune support.
same
large
T and B
79
What do we call cells that help stop bleeding?
platelets
80
What are platelets?
fragments of cells that help stop bleeding
81
Platelets are fragments of cells that help stop ___. Platelets can ___ together and form plugs as well as promote ___ to help stop bleeding in blood vessels.
bleeding
stick
vasoconstriction
82
___ are structures on the surface of red blood cells that designates the blood type
antigens
83
___ are structures in the blood plasma that attaches to specific antigens
antibodies
84
Agglutination is an adverse reaction that occurs when ___ blood types mix which is characterized by clumping of red blood cells.
incompatible
85
What adverse reaction occurs when incompatible blood types mix? What is it characterized by?
agglutination
clumping of red blood cells
86
What antibodies are associated with hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Rh antibodies
87
What is the adverse reaction that occurs when Rh antibodies attack fetal blood?
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
88
Blood can be categorized or typed according to a set of ___ present on the surface of red blood cells.
antigens
89
Blood typing can be used to determine ___ in case a transfusion is needed.
compatibility
90
What are the 3 antigens used to determine blood compatibility (blood typing)?
A, B, and Rh
91
____ ___ blood contains antigen A on the surface of the red blood cells.
Type A
92
____ ___ blood contains antigen B on the surface of the red blood cells.
Type B
93
____ ___ blood contains both antigens A and B on the surface of the red blood cells.
Type AB
94
Which type of blood contains neither antigen?
Type O blood
95
Type A blood also contains antibodies that are ___ compatible with antigen B. These are known as ___ antibodies.
not
anti-B
96
Type B blood also contains antibodies that are ___ compatible with antigen A. These are known as ___ antibodies.
not
anti-A
97
Mixing type A blood with type B blood and vice versa produces a reaction known as ___ in which the blood coagulates.
agglutination
98
Type AB blood contains __ antibodies that will react with the type A or B antigens.
no
99
Which blood type contains no antibodies that will react with the type A or B antigens?
type AB blood
100
Which blood type contains antibodies that are not compatible with antigen A?
type B blood
101
Which blood type contains antibodies that are not compatible with antigen B?
type A blood
102
Which blood type is known as the universal recipient?
type AB blood
103
Why is type AB blood known as the universal recipient?
Type AB blood contains no antibodies that will react with the type A or B antigens.
104
Which blood type is known as the universal donor?
type O blood
105
Why is type O blood known as the universal donor?
Type O blood cells do not have either the A or B antigen
this means they cannot be attacked by anti-A or anti-B antibodies in other blood types
any of the other blood types (A, B, AB) can receive this blood
106
Type O blood cells do ___ have either the A or B antigen. This blood contains ___ antibody anti-A and antibody anti-B.
not
both
107
What blood type is type A blood compatible with?
itself (type A)
type O
108
What blood type is type B blood compatible with?
itself (type B)
type O
109
What blood type is type AB blood compatible with?
all blood types
*NO anti-A or anti-B antibodies
110
What blood type is type O blood compatible with?
only itself
*both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
111
Type O blood has ___ antigens but it has both ___ and ___ antibodies. It is the universal ___.
no
anti-A, anti-B
donor
112
Type AB blood has both ___ and ___ antigens but it has ___ antibodies. It is the universal ___.
A, B
no
recipient
113
If the Rh antigen is present on the surface of the red blood cells the blood is Rh positive.
positive
114
If the Rh antigen is absent on the surface of the red blood cells the blood is Rh ___.
negative
115
Anti-Rh antibodies typically do not appear in the blood. However, they can develop in an Rh-___ person who has been exposed to Rh-___ blood.
Rh-negative
Rh-positive
116
Who can develop anti-Rh antibodies?
a Rh-negative person who has been exposed to Rh-positive blood
117
Rh-positive blood is compatible with ___ Rh-positive or Rh-negative blood. However, Rh-negative blood is only compatible with ___ (Rh-negative).
both
itself
118
What blood is compatible with both Rh-positive and Rh-negative blood?
Rh-positive blood
119
What blood is compatible with only Rh-negative blood and not Rh-positive blood?
Rh-negative blood
120
If a mother with Rh-negative blood has a fetus with Rh-positive blood anti-Rh antibodies can develop in the mother which can attack the fetus’s blood, particularly during labor and delivery. This is called erythoblastosis fetalis or ___ ___ ___. This can be prevented by giving the mother an antibody serum that neutralizes any blood fetal cells that may enter the mother’s blood.
hemolytic disease of the newborn
121
If a mother with ___ blood has a fetus with ___ blood anti-Rh antibodies can develop in the mother which can attack the fetus’s blood, particularly during labor and delivery. This is called erythoblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease of the newborn. This can be prevented by giving the mother an ___ ___ that neutralizes any blood fetal cells that may enter the mother’s blood.
Rh-negative
Rh positive
antibody serum
122
What do we call the process that is used to stop bleeding?
hemostasis
123
What are the three basic mechanisms of hemostasis?
blood vessel spasm
platelet plug formation
clotting
124
Let’s say there is a damaged blood vessel that is leaking blood.
The first response will be for the vessel to ___ to help stop the bleeding.
Platelets will contact the damaged blood vessel wall and then stick together to form a plug. This is also called ___ ___.
Finally, the clotting mechanism will be ___.
constrict
platelet aggregation
activated
125
There are 3 pathways in clotting. These are the ___, ___, and ___ pathways.
intrinsic
extrinsic
common
126
When is the intrinsic pathway activated?
when blood contacts damaged blood vessel walls or is not moving (stasis)
*blood has not left the vessel
127
The ___ pathway is activated when blood contacts damaged blood vessel walls or is not moving as in stasis.
This pathway is triggered when blood has ___ left the vessel.
A series of proteins are activated in the blood in a series of reactions that lead to the common pathway and the formation of a clot.
intrinsic
not
128
When is the extrinsic pathway activated?
when blood leaves a damaged blood vessel
129
The ___ pathway is triggered when blood leaves a damaged blood vessel, such as in our example.
This activates a clotting factor in the tissue surrounding the vessel which then activates a series of clotting factors in the blood that also lead to the common pathway and the formation of a clot.
extrinsic
130
The ___ pathway is where the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge. This happens at factor 10 and ends with the formation of a ___ clot.
common
fibrin
131
When is the common pathway activated?
when the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge
132
Fibrin comes from fibrinogen. ___ is not soluble while fibrinogen is soluble.
not
fibrin
133
Fibrin comes from a soluble plasma protein called ___ which is converted to fibrin threads that weave together to form a clot in the last step of the ___ pathway.
fibrinogen
common
