TEAS Science Practice Test 2 Flashcards
(38 cards)
In human anatomy, an organ is best described as
A. a group of organelles that together perform a specific function.
B. a group of cells that together perform a specific function.
C. a group of tissues that together perform a specific function.
D. a group of membrane-enclosed structures that together perform a specific function.
C. a group of tissues that together perform a specific function. A group of tissues that functions together is an organ. For example, most organs contain connective tissue, vascular tissue, and more specific tissues such as hepatic tissues in the liver.
Vaccines function through which of the following mechanisms?
A. Vaccine exposure increases production of macrophages.
B. Vaccine exposure creates dormant B cells for the secondary immune response.
C. Vaccine exposure forces an unusually strong primary immune response in the spleen.
D. Vaccine exposure creates multiple types of antigens.
B. Vaccine exposure creates dormant B cells for the secondary immune response. Vaccines consist of an inactive version of antigens from a pathogen such as a harmful bacterium or virus. The pathogen is recognized as a threat by the immune system, which moves to both destroy the pathogen and create memory cells, a type of B cell that is designed to attack a specific pathogen. Those cells lie dormant after the vaccine-induced infection has been destroyed, but if the body is exposed to that same pathogen again, the memory B cells can reproduce quickly and target that specific pathogen. This is the secondary immune response.
After several minutes of strenuous activity, lactic acid can build up in skeletal muscle as a result of
A. aerobic respiration.
B. ATP breakdown.
C. lactate to pyruvate conversion.
D. fermentation.
D. fermentation. Lactic acid is a product of fermentation, the anaerobic process that occurs in muscles once oxygen has been exhausted during exertion.
Within the pancreas, the structure(s) responsible for production of insulin is/are the
A. islets of Langerhans.
B. Kupfer cells.
C. interstitial fibroblasts.
D. uncinate process.
A. islets of Langerhans. The islets of Langerhans or pancreatic islands are located throughout the pancreas and contain the organ’s endocrine cells responsible for insulin production.
What are the steps immediately before and after an action potential? Move the steps into the table, placing them in the correct order. Use all the steps.
The correct order is depolarization, threshold, repolarization, refractory period. Upon stimulation, positively charged sodium ions rush into the neuron (depolarization of the membrane). When a set membrane potential is reached, called the threshold, the action potential occurs. Sodium channels then close, blocking more sodium from entering the cell, and potassium channels open, allowing potassium ions to cross the membrane along their electrochemical gradient (repolarization). Then the cell enters a short period where the ionic concentrations and channel conditions return to resting state. During this time, called the refractory period, only an exceptionally strong stimulus will lead to a new action potential.
When a person inhales, what is the final structure that oxygen enters before absorption into the bloodstream?
A. Trachea
B. Bronchiole
C. Capillary
D. Alveolus
D. Alveolus. The bronchioles dead end in tiny sacks called alveoli. Each alveolus is the site of gas exchange with the bloodstream and the effective endpoint of the airway.
The long process of the incus connects the incus to
A. the malleus.
B. the stapes.
C. the mastoid process.
D. the styloid process.
C. the mastoid process. The mastoid process is part of the temporal bone of the skull, which surrounds the ear, but is not directly connected to the small bones within the ear.
The chorion is best described as
A. the embryonic portion of the placenta.
B. the maternal portion of the placenta.
C. the interface between a fetus and the placenta.
D. the main source of gas exchange in the placenta.
A. the embryonic portion of the placenta. This is the correct answer. The placenta consists of both embryonic and maternal tissues. The embryonic tissues collectively are called the chorion.
Triglycerides are a type of lipid best known for their
A. ability to catalyze reactions.
B. complex structure.
C. energy storage capability.
D. rigidity and strength.
C. energy storage capability. Triglycerides are the main component of stored fat. When broken down they provide more energy than carbohydrates.
A cell expunges waste products through exocytosis. This is an example of
A. active transport.
B. diffusion.
C. channel-mediated transport.
D. passive transport.
A. active transport. Waste products are transported to the cell membrane in a vesicle, where they are expelled. The process requires energy and therefore is a type of active transport.
In some flowers, red (F) demonstrates incomplete dominance over white (f). Incomplete dominant phenotype is pink. In an Ff × Ff cross, what percentage of offspring will be pink?
A. 0%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 100%
C. 50%. Under incomplete dominance, all heterozygote (Ff) offspring exhibit the incomplete dominant phenotype (pink, in this case). The Punnett square below indicates all the possible offspring of an Ff × Ff cross. Under independent assortment, half of the offspring should be genotype Ff, exhibiting the pink phenotype:
Graph
Which substance can donate a proton or accept an electron pair during a chemical reaction?
A. H2O
B. HCl
C. NaCl
D. NH3
B. HCl. Substances that donate protons or receive electron pairs are acids, and HCl, or hydrochloric acid, meets these criteria.
Which of the following organ systems plays a direct role in the removal of waste products?
A. Cardiovascular
B. Endocrine
C. Integumentary
D. Neuromuscular
C. Integumentary. While it is not the primary function of the integumentary system, this system does directly remove waste products through sweating.
2H2O + energy are produced from which of the following reactions?
A. 2H2 + O2
B. 2H2 + O2 + energy
C. H2O2 + H2
D. H2O + H2O
B. 2H2 + O2 + energy. Hydrogen and water plus energy will combine in the highly exothermic water synthesis reaction.
A person who lacks a gallbladder would experience difficulty with which of the following?
A. Digesting fat
B. Regulating blood sugar
C. Absorbing all nutrients
D. Swallowing
A. Digesting fat. The gallbladder stores bile produced by the liver, and bile is essential for the breakdown and absorption of lipids.
Exchange between tissues and the cardiovascular circulation takes place in which structures?
A. Arteries
B. Arterioles
C. Capillaries
D. Venules
C. Capillaries. Capillaries are narrow blood vessels with extremely thin walls that connect arteries to tissues. Exchange between the blood and surrounding tissues occurs through the thin walls of the capillaries.
Different variants of a particular trait, such as different eye colors, are the result of which of the following?
A. Alleles
B. Base pairing
C. Complementary strands
D. Homologous chromosomes
A. Alleles. Different versions of the same gene that code for different versions of the same trait are called alleles.
Which of the following parts of the skeletal system also plays a direct role in digestion?
A. Atlas
B. Tongue
C. Hyoid
D. Tooth
A. Tooth. Teeth are part of the skeleton and perform the first steps of digestion by physically crushing food and breaking it into smaller pieces for swallowing and digestion.
There are two containers of equal volume on a table. One container holds gas, and one holds liquid. The containers hold equal volumes of steam or liquid water, but this volume is less than the total volume of the container. Which statement describes the liquid water?
A. It is compressible.
B. It takes the shape of the entire container.
C. It takes the shape of the lower part of the container.
D. It has the lower density of the two substances.
C. It takes the shape of the lower part of the container. Since the volume of liquid water is lower than that of the container, the liquid will only fill the lower part of the container and take on the shape of the portion that it fills.
Which of the following tools or procedures should a biologist use to amplify a trace amount of DNA?
A. Mass spectrometer
B. PCR
C. Restriction enzyme
D. Sequencer
B. PCR. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is a procedure that can turn a small amount of DNA into a much larger amount for easier study.
Two researchers are studying the interaction between shrimp and fish. They place ten fish in a tank with a new type of shrimp and ten fish in another tank without the shrimp. All other factors are all well controlled. At the end of the experiment, the fish in the tank with the shrimp had grown 30% more than the fish without shrimp. What additional step is needed to prove that the shrimp benefit the fish by removing parasites?
A. Count the parasites on every fish before and after the experiment.
B. Count the parasites on every fish before and after the experiment, and film the tanks during the experiment.
C. Reduce the food intake for the fish in the shrimp tank.
D. Repeat the experiment with more replicates.
B. Count the parasites on every fish before and after the experiment, and film the tanks during the experiment. If the shrimp are helping the fish by removing parasites, then it is necessary to prove that the faster-growing fish actually have fewer parasites and show through photographic evidence that the shrimp are responsible for their removal.
Which of the following is a component of inflammation?
A. Antigen recognition
B. Constriction of blood vessels
C. Fibrin production
D. Increased permeability of blood vessels
D. Increased permeability of blood vessels. As part of an inflammatory response, the permeability of blood vessels increases, isolating damaged tissue from the general circulation. The leakage through the permeable vessels leads to swelling.
Which of the following is the organelle in eukaryotic cells responsible for sorting and modifying proteins and lipids, folding polypeptides, and sorting and packaging molecules into vacuoles and vesicles?
A. Golgi apparatus
B. Endoplasmic reticulum
C. Lysosome
D. Centriole
A. Golgi apparatus. The Golgi complex is composed of flat disks called cisternae that are stacked in piles and surrounded by a complex network of tubules and vesicles. The Golgi complex is the packaging center for storage, distribution, and excretion. Many Golgi apparatuses are found in kidney cells. They are responsible for sorting and modifying proteins and lipids received from the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the smooth ER (SER) and for folding polypeptides to create proteins. These molecules are sorted and packaged into vacuoles and vesicles for storage, for transport to other parts of the cell, or for secretion.
Researchers tested the time it took for hawks to find a real carcass and a realistic-looking model of a carcass. Both the carcass and the model were easily visible from above. Controlling for all other factors, they determined that hawks took about the same amount of time to find the model as they took to find the carcass. From this they concluded that hawks find their prey through their sense of smell. Which statement about their conclusion is most accurate?
A. The conclusion is correct since hawks easily found the dead carcass.
B. The conclusion should be that hawks use both scent and sight to find prey.
C. The conclusion is incorrect because the carcass is easily visible.
D. The conclusion would be correct if hawks took longer to find the model.
D. The conclusion would be correct if hawks took longer to find the model. The main difference between the treatments is that a carcass gives off an odor while a model does not, if they look the same. If hawks easily found the carcass but not the model, it would suggest that scent is more important that sight in locating prey.
