Technical Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
What does TCH mean on a Jepp chart?
A
Threshold crossing height.
2
Q
What is the rule of thumb for determining how many miles out you should begin your descent?
A
How much altitude to lose times 3. (divide by 1,000).
I.E. Need to lose 30,000’
30,000 X 3 = 90,000
90,000 / 1,000 = 90.
90 Miles (add 10 miles for buffer/ slow down)
3
Q
How do you determine rate of descent that is required for descent planning?
A
- ) Half your ground speed
- ) Add a zero
400 knots / 2 = 200 knots.
Add a zero = 2,000 FPM
4
Q
Practice strange METAR and TAF’s
A
Youtube
5
Q
When do you need an alternate?
A
- DOMESTIC: When 1 hour before to 1 hour after ETA, weather is less than 2,000’ ceiling, or 3SM visibility.
- FLAG/SUPPLEMENTAL: Always required. (If it is not available the following must be met: Enough fuel to get to destination, then fly for 2 hours at normal cruise, standard temp.)
6
Q
What are 121 fuel requirements for DOMESTIC ops?
A
DOMESTIC: Fly to destination, then furthest alternate, then hold for 45 minutes.
7
Q
What are 121 fuel requirements for FLAG/SUPPLEMENTAL?
A
1.) FLAG over 6 hours or SUPPLEMENTAL: Fly to destination, then furthest alternate, plus 10% of total fuel required to get from departure to destination, then finally 30 minutes of fuel at 1,500’ AFE.
(FLAG under 6 hours is standard domestic requirements)
2.) If no alternate is suitable (island), then you need 2 hours of fuel at normal cruise once you arrive at destination.
8
Q
When do you need a takeoff alternate?
A
When weather at departure airport is below landing minimums.
9
Q
When a takeoff alternate is required, what is required of that alternate airport?
A
- For aircraft with 2 engines: Must be within ONE hour at normal cruise, still air, one engine inoperative.
- For aircraft with more than 2 engines: Must be within TWO hours at normal cruise, still air, one engine inoperative.
- Takeoff alternate must have weather at or above minimums (derived.)
10
Q
What are STANDARD (not ops spec) 121 takeoff minimums?
A
- 2 engines or less: 1 SM (5,000 RVR)
- More than 2 engines: 1/2 SM (2400 RVR)
11
Q
Magnetic VS True on certain wind reports
A
Magnetic: ATIS, D-ATIS, ASOS/AWOS
True: METAR, TAF, Winds Aloft
“Hear it, magnetic. Read it, true.” (except for D-ATIS).
12
Q
METAR: LEAS 090600Z 29010G20 250V320 8000 FEW 010 17/16 Q1017 TEMPO 3000 BR BKN004
What is the “8000” after the variable wind report?
A
It is visibility. In this case it is 8,000 meters.
13
Q
METAR: LEAS 090600Z 29010G20 250V320 9999 FEW 010 17/16 Q1017 TEMPO 3000 BR BKN004
What is the “9999” after the variable wind report?
A
Visibility 10 Kilometers or better generates code “9999”
14
Q
METAR: LEAS 090600Z 29010G20 250V320 0000 FEW 010 17/16 Q1017 TEMPO 3000 BR BRK 004
What is the “0000” after the variable wind report?
A
Visibility is less than 50 meters. Generates code “0000”
15
Q
METAR: LEAS 090600Z 00000KT 1400 R29/0700 FEW 010 BKN022 17/16 Q1017 TEMPO 3000 BR BKN004
What is the “R29/0700” mean?
A
Runway 29 RVR is 700 METERS
16
Q
When are RVR reports typically generated?
A
In the US: RVR is used when visibility is 1SM or less or 6,000RVR or less
ICAO: When visibility is 1500 meters or less
17
Q
METAR: LEAS 090600Z 00000KT 1400 R29/P1500 FEW 010 BKN022 17/16 Q1017 TEMPO 3000 BR BKN004
What does “R29/P1500” mean?
A
RVR greater than maximum visibility value of 1500 meters
18
Q
METAR: LEAS 090600Z 00000KT 1400 NSC 17/16 Q1017
What does “NSC” mean?
A
No significant clouds
19
Q
METAR: LEAS 090600Z 00000KT CAVOK 17/16 Q1017
What does “CAVOK” mean?
A
Ceiling and visibility OK
Meaning ceiling is greater than 5000 feet and visibility is greater than 10 kilometers or 6SM
also no significant clouds
20
Q
METAR: LEAS 090600Z 00000KT CAVOK 17/16 Q1017
What does Q1017 mean?
A
Pressure, or “QNH”
It is represented by the letter Q, followed by the actual pressure in hectopascals.
NOTE: If QNH is less than 1,000 millibars (hectopascals), it will be first a zero, then the actual value
I.E. Q0997 = 997 hPa/Mb
21
Q
METAR: LEAS 090600Z 29010G20 250V320 9999 FEW 010 17/16 Q1017 RERA
What does “RERA” mean?
A
“RE” means RECENT. Significant weather occurred within the last hour or since last METAR.
“RERA” simply means recent rain
22
Q
METAR: LEAS 090600Z 29010G20 250V320 9999 FEW 010 17/16 Q1017
TEMPO FM1020 TL1220 1000 +SHRA
What does this TEMPO forecast tell you?
A
TEMPO= Temporarily FM1020= From 1020Z TL1220= Until 1220Z 1000= 1,000 meters of visibility \+SHRA= Heavy rain showers
23
Q
METAR: LEAS 090600Z 29010G20 250V320 9999 FEW 010 17/16 Q1017 NOSIG=
What does NOSIG= mean?
A
NOSIG: No significant CHANGES expected within the next 2 hours
=: An equal symbol denotes the end of the METAR
24
Q
METAR NZAA 201930Z AUTO 31002 9999 NCD 21/18 Q1013 NOSIG=
What is AUTO?
A
METAR generated automatically by WX equipment around the airport.
25
How often are METARS issued?
USA: once an hour
| Europe/Asia: once every 30 minutes
26
What does A01 and A02 mean on a METAR/ASOS?
```
A= Automated
A01= No precipitation discriminator
A02= Has a precipitation discriminator
```
27
What wind reports are true versus magnetic?
True:
METAR, TAF, winds aloft
Magnetic:
ATIS, Digital ATIS, ASOS/AWOS, verbal wind reports from ATC
"If you hear it, its magnetic. If you read it, its true" (mostly works, just not for D-ATIS.)
28
On a TAF, is the wind direction in true or magnetic?
TRUE
29
METAR NZAA 201930Z AUTO 31002 9999 NCD 21/18 Q1013 NOSIG=
What is "NCD"?
No cloud detected. Basically, the equivalent of SKC in the US. Used in Europe and Asia.
30
Difference between QNH and QFE
QNH: The hectopascal setting to calibrate your altimeter to read your altitude above sea level (NORMAL)
QFE: The hectopascal setting to calibrate your altimeter to read your altitude above the airport (AFE) (UNCOMMON)
31
METAR KLAX 040153Z 25008KT 10SM FEW025 16/11 A2989 RMK AO2 SLP121 T01610106=
What is "SLP121"?
SLP= Sea Level Pressure 121 = QNH 1012.1 (hPa).
NOTE: The last digit of the SLP report is always a decimal value.
32
METAR KLAX 040153Z 25008KT 10SM FEW025 16/11 A2989 RMK AO2 SLP121 T01610106=
What is "T01610106"?
```
Temperature= 16.1
Dewpoint= 10.6
```
NOTE:
If the "T" section begins with a zero, it indicates a positive value. If it begins with a 1, it indicates a negative value.
33
METAR KJFK 150351Z 19006KT 10SM FEW065 BKN120 OVC250 13/12 A3007 RMK A02 RAB09E23 SLP182 P0000 T01280122=
What does the RAB09E23 part mean?
Rain began at 9 minutes past the hour
Rain ended 23 minutes past the hour
34
METAR KJFK 150351Z 19006KT 10SM FEW065 BKN120 OVC250 13/12 A3007 RMK A02 RAB09E23 SLP182 P0512 T01280122=
What does P0512 mean?
The P section refers to the amount of precipitation that has accumulated in the last 60 minutes, given in inches.
In this case, in the last hour 5.12 inches of rain has accumulated.
P0512 = 05.12" of rain accumulation in the last 60 minutes.
35
What is a TTL on a METAR?
Trend type landing forecast. It is a 2 hour prediction for conditions that may change at the end of a METAR. (think mini TAF that starts with a TEMPO.) It overrides a TAF.
36
What is the geographic range that a TAF forecast covers?
5SM or 8 kilometers around the airport
NOTE: VC or "vicinity" means its withing 10SM. VCTS means vicinity thunderstorms that could be up to 10SM away.
37
When does a TAF come out? How long are they valid?
Every 6 hours.
1. ) 0000Z
2. ) 0600Z
3. ) 1200Z
4. ) 1800Z
Validity time varies depending on the report, but usually 24 hours, no more than 30 hours.
38
On a TAF, what is FM or from? What does this mean?
A sudden, permanent change which is expected to occur at a set time.
This differs from a TEMPO because it is permanent.
This also differs from BECMG because the change is set to occur at an exact time, as opposed to a time range like with a BECMG.
39
In regards to FAR 117, there are 3 tables. What are each and what do they cover?
A: Total FLIGHT time limit based on report time.
B: Maximum DUTY time, based on report time AND how many legs. (UNAUGMENTED)
C: Maximum DUTY time, based on report time, how many pilots, and class rest facility. (AUGMENTED)
40
What is an ARP and what does it look like?
Airport Reference Point. It is the geographic position of the airport.
Symbol: A little sniper scope looking icon with ARP next to it.
NOTE: Found on the taxiway diagram charts (10-9A or 20-9A)
41
Where do you find LAHSO length information?
In the 10-9A continued or 20-9A continued pages, under additional runway information
42
LAHSO requirements:
- Dry runway
- 1,500' and 5SM, no VASI/PAPI (1,000' and 3SM if they have VASI/PAPI).
- No windshear reported within previous 20 minutes
- Less than 3 knots tailwind
- Night time: Requires FAA approved LAHSO lighting system
43
What is the difference between green and blue lights on an airport?
Green: Taxiway centerline lights
Blue: Taxiway edge lights
44
What does a Maltese cross mean?
FAF for a non-precision approach
45
When can you descend below DA?
1. ) Aircraft is in a position to land in the touchdown zone using normal maneuvers.
2. ) The FLIGHT visibility is at or above published for the procedure.
3. ) Must see one of the following:
- TDZ, TDZ markings, TDZ lights
- Runway, runway markings, runway lights
- Threshold, threshold markings, threshold lights
- VASI/PAPI
- REIL
-Approach lights (Gets you down to 100' above TDZ, then you must see one of the above to land.)
46
When can you descend below DA?
1. ) Aircraft is in a position to land in the touchdown zone using normal maneuvers.
2. ) The FLIGHT visibility is at or above published for the procedure.
3. ) Must see one of the following:
- Threshold, its markings, its lights.
- Runway, its markings, its lights.
- Touchdown zone, its markings, its lights.
- REIL
- VASI/PAPI
- Approach light system (If this is the only reference, you may only descend to 100' above TDZ unless red side row bars (ALSF II), red terminating bars (ALSF 1), or one of the above are seen.)
47
Ceilings are reported to be 100'. Is this a problem for starting the approach?
No. Visibility is all that matters.
48
An MSA typically originates at a VOR or other central point. How far does it extend?
25 NM is standard, unless otherwise published.
49
What does an MSA provide?
Used for emergencies. MSAs provide 1,000 feet clearance over all obstructions but do not necessarily assure acceptable navigation signal coverage.
50
Are METAR winds magnetic or true?
True
51
Explain a BECMG on a TAF
The gradual change will occur at an unspecified time within this time period. Only the conditions are carried over from the previous time group.
52
Explain a TEMPO on a METAR
The TEMPO group is used for any conditions in wind, visibility, weather, or sky condition which are expected to last for generally less than an hour at a time (occasional), and are expected to occur during less than half the time period.
53
What is the forecast area for a TAF?
5 SM radius of the airport
| may include vicinity VC which is up to 10SM
54
What is a NAT?
North Atlantic Track
NATs are like a multi-lane, one-way highway in the sky. The tracks change each day to provide the most efficient routes for the airlines.
55
What is the distance between NAT routes?
Standard: 60NM
RLAT (Reduced Lateral Separation Minima): 30NM
56
What temperature does Jet-A freeze at?
About -40C
57
Define V1
Takeoff decision speed. The maximum speed in the takeoff at which the pilot must take the first action to stop the airplane within the accelerate-stop distance.
58
Define VMCG. What are the 2 main factors that determine VMCG?
- The minimum airspeed, during the takeoff run at which, if the critical engine suddenly fails, it is possible to maintain directional control using only aerodynamic controls. V1 must not be less than VMCG.
- Thrust and Air Density
59
Define VMCA
The minimum speed, whilst in the air, that directional control can be maintained with one engine inoperative, at takeoff power and a maximum of 5 degrees of bank towards the good engine(s).
Establishing VMCA criteria: Acronym SMACFUM
```
Standard day at sea level
Max power
Aft CG
Critical engine windmilling
Flaps up/gear up
Up to 5° bank
Most unfavorable weight
```
60
Define V2
The takeoff safety speed which must be attained at the 35 ft height at the end of the required runway distance (dry runway) or 15' (wet runway.) This is essentially the best one-engine inoperative angle of climb speed for the airplane and is a minimum speed for flight in that condition until at least 400 ft above the ground.
61
Can V2 be less than VMCA?
No! You'd lose directional control before reaching V2
62
What is TEM and what is CRM?
TEM: Threat and Error Management. TEM is factoring in human factors, recognizing threats, and mitigating them. Comprised of threats (unanticipated and anticipated), errors, and undesired aircraft states.
CRM: Crew Resource Management. (CRM) is the effective use of all available resources for flight crew personnel to assure a safe and efficient operation, reducing error, avoiding stress and increasing efficiency.
63
What would you consider if you read on the ATIS that LLWS advisories are in effect?
Consider operational requirements such as no FLEX. Review the windshear escape maneuver:
- Autopilot/Autothrottle disconnect
- MAX thrust
- No configuration changes
- Follow guidance
64
Captain goes below minimums with nothing in sight. How do you react?
Call go around and be ready to take control and initiate go around yourself.
65
What is the difference between QNE, QFE, and QNH?
QNE: Is standard, 29.92 (1013.25MB) for use in the flight level
QFE: Gives you height above airport (AFE) (ALMOST NEVER USED)
QNH: Gives you height above MSL (normal basic altimeter setting)
66
Difference between transition altitude and transition level?
- A transition altitude is where you set the altimeter to standard when climbing.
- A transition level is where you switch from standard to local, on the descent.
Easy way to remember:
LeVel = V pointing down so remember it pertains to your descent.
Altitude = A is pointing up, so it pertains to your climb.
67
What does a pink circle mean on a taxiway?
Geographic Position Markings: Located at points along low visibility taxi routes designated in the airport's Surface Movement Guidance Control System (SMGCS) plan Identifies the location of taxiing aircraft when Runway Visual Range (RVR) is below 1200'
68
Takeoff alternate requirements
3+ engines: The airport must be within 2 hours, still air, one engine inop.
2 engines: The airport must be within 1 hour, still air, one engine inop.
69
What is the prime meridian? Is it longitude or latitude?
The prime meridian is the line of 0 degrees longitude. It runs through Greenwich, England.
70
What is the significance of 30 degrees West longitude?
It is the dividing line between Gander and Shanwick Oceanic
71
Define icing conditions
On ground: OAT of 10C or less with visible moisture
In flight: TAT of 10C or less with visible moisture
72
What does a wet/contaminated runway do to your V1 speed? What about Vr?
V1: Contamination would reduce the V1 speed. (accelerate stop distance becomes larger.)
Vr: Contamination would not affect the Vr speed
73
Define stabilized approach
By 1,000' AFE, aircraft is fully configured for landing, VS not greater than 1,000 FPM, thrust above idle, on lateral and vertical profile, airspeed target +10 to -5kt.
(generic)
74
What is the critical engine on a 747?
Outboard engine on the upwind side.
75
What is an asterisk (*) next to a control tower frequency?
Part time tower
76
When would you descend after a rapid decompression?
As soon as the emergency descent QRC directs you. Aviate, Navigate, Communicate. ATC can find out later once we are on the way down.
77
How to help a compressor stall?
Reduce thrust of that engine, and reduce AOA.
78
What is a jet stream?
A narrow band of high-speed air from 80 knots to 120 knots.
79
In the northern hemisphere, which direction does the jet stream migrate depending on season?
Winter = Moves South
Summer = Moves North
Remember: "jet stream chases the sun"
80
On a weather chart, how do you spot the Jetstream?
It is a long line that ends with an arrow showing the direction of the flow. The line will have barbs on it, showing how fast the wind is moving.
81
What is SLOP?
Strategic Lateral Offset Procedure.
- It is essentially offsetting your course once you enter oceanic airspace.
- Used for offsetting for wake avoidance, separation, and weather.
- No permission required to SLOP
- Always offset to the right, up to 2 miles.
82
What is a SIGWX chart? What altitudes do they cover?
It is basically a high altitude prog chart for significant weather that could effect airliners in the flight levels. FL250 to 630.
83
How long is a SIGWX chart valid?
They are updated every 6 hours. 4 times a day like a TAF. But you can use the chart between 3 hours before its valid time to 3 hours after its valid time.
Note: it is not an observation, its a forecast chart.
84
If WX drops below minimums outside the FAF, can you continue?
No
85
If WX drops below minimums outside the FAF, can you continue?
No
86
When is the soonest you can turn on a missed approach procedure?
No earlier than the MAP. But many missed approach procedures have specific points.
87
What is included in MINTO?
Domestic:
- Enroute burn
- Go around/alternate (most distant)
- Hold fuel
- 45 minutes reserve fuel
Flag/ Supplemental: same exact concept just with that particular reserve fuel requirement.
88
What are your lower than standard takeoff minimums?
- 600/600/600: CL and HIRL
- 1,000/1,000/1,000: CL. or HIRL and RCLM
- 1,200/1,200/1,000: CL or HIRL or RCLM (night cannot use RCLM)
- 1,600: CL or HIRL or RCLM
- 1/4 SM or RVV: CL or HIRL or RCLM or Adequate visual reference
89
Lost communication procedure:
If VMC, stay VMC! Squak 7600, troubleshoot.
If on an arrival or departure, check the box where it says lost communications.
If none of that pertains, AVE-F MEA acronym.
```
Route: AVE-F (In order)
Assigned
Vector
Expected
Filed
```
Altitude: MEA (acronym) (FLY THE HIGHEST OF THE 3).
Minimum IFR altitude
Expect
Assigned
Once you get to your clearance limit, you'll hold at the IAF then shoot the approach to depart at your ETA.
90
You got data for a really long runway. Then tower says you have to takeoff on a shorter runway. You get the data back, what V speed will change?
V1
91
What is a standard hold turn direction?
Right turns
92
What is a standard leg length for a hold?
14,000' and below: 1 minute
Above 14,000': 1 1/2 minutes
93
What are the 3 types of holds?
- Direct
- Teardrop
- Parallel
94
Holding Speed Limits (USA)
- Sea Level-6000' = 200 knots
- 6001-14,000 = 230 knots
- 14,001+ = 265 knots
95
Hold Speeds ICAO:
- Sea level to 14,000 - 230 KIAS
- 14001' to 20000' - 240 KIAS
- 20001' to 34000' - 265 KIAS
- Above 34000' - Mach .83
96
How to avoid a thunderstorm
Fly preferably upwind of the cell, at least 20 miles. Avoid flying under any anvil. Avoid heavy precipitation.
97
What is a balanced field takeoff?
Accelerate stop distance is equal to Accelerate go distance
98
What is screen height?
An imaginary line that is used for takeoff calculations to require the aircraft to be above this line at the departure end of the runway.
Dry = 35'
Wet = 15'
99
What is an ETP?
Equal time point. These mark the halfway point enroute between 2 suitable diversion airports. The ETP can help you with the decision to continue ahead or to turn around regarding emergency diversions.
100
How far apart are runway centerline lights? What about runway edge lights?
Centerline lights: 50' apart
Runway edge lights: 200' apart
101
How many degrees offset from a runway would the approach course have to be to require the approach to be considered a circling approach?
Anything greater than 30 degrees
102
What is ETOPS?
Extended-range Twin-engine Operations Performance Standards
– special part of flight rules for one-engine inoperative flight conditions. ICAO acronym for twin-engine aircraft operation further than one hour from a diversion airport at the one-engine inoperative cruise speed, over water or remote lands, on routes previously restricted to three- and four-engine aircraft.
103
ACARS gives you factored landing distance. It takes unfactored landing distance times X to give you factored. What is the multiplier that it uses for a dry runway? A wet runway?
Factored:
Dry- X 1.67
Wet- X 1.92
104
is VV considered a ceiling?
Yes
105
When do you have to have the autopilot off? (current operator)
Minimum engagement height- 400'
Minimum use height for precision- 50'
Minimum use height for non precision- MDA
106
What are the segments of a takeoff? (engine out)
4 segments:
1. ) Vr to V2 (at screen height)
2. ) Screen height (35' dry 15' wet) to acceleration altitude
3. ) Flap retraction
4. ) Clean climb at VFS
107
On a V1 cut procedure, you read it says climb at V2 VIA XYZ. What does VIA mean?
Should be commenced at 50' AFE or 1/2 the wingspan, whichever is greater.
108
Can VMCG ever be lower than V1?
No
109
Can V2 ever be lower than V1?
No
110
Who is jointly responsible for a flight?
PIC and dispatcher
111
On a METAR, you see: 52006. What does this mean?
In this example, 5 means 3 hour pressure tendency. 2 means rising (0-3 is rising), 006 means .6 MB increase within the last 3 hours.
3 hour pressure tendency. Follows RMK with 5 digits starting with 5. The second digit gives the tendency. In general 0–3 is rising, 4 is steady and 5–8 is falling. The last 3 digits give the pressure change in tenths of a millibar in the last 3 hours.
112
When is SMGS active?
Below 1200RVR
113
What is the distance between touchdown zone lighting?
100'
114
If an RVR is missing, can you depart?
It depends on the visibility. Different visibilities have different requirements. You may substitute in some cases. As the visibility goes down below 1600RVR, you need 2 reports.
OpsSpecs C078
115
How many bleed valves come off of each engine (175)? What stages are they of the compressor?
2 per engine
Low pressure one (6th stage)
High pressure one (10th stage)
Note: system automatically modulates each one, there is no dedicated bleed valve for any particular system
116
What bleed valve powers the anti ice system?
The 175 automatically prioritizes and modulates between the LP and HP bleed valve based on thrust, temp, pressure, etc. The process is automatic.
117
What engine indications might you see if you fly through volcanic ash?
ITT increase
EPR fluctuations
Compressor stalls
Flameout
118
What are the VFR takeoff minimums?
Day: 1,000 and 1SM
Night: 1,000 and 2SM
119
Give a basic explanation of the electrical system (175)
- It is an AC and DC system
- AC: 2 IDG's, 1 APU, 1 RAT, 1 inverter, 1 AC GPU
- DC: 2 NiCd batteries, 3 TRU's, 1 DC GPU
- AC system: 115 V, 400 Hz, 40 kVa
- DC system: 28 V, 60 A
120
What is a TRU?
Transformer Rectifier Unit
Transformer: steps voltage down from 115V to 28V
Rectifier: Changes AC to DC
121
What does an inverter do?
Converts DC to AC (only used in electrical emergency to power AC standby bus, which powers the engine igniters.)
122
What types of precipitation have no holdover time?
- Heavy Snow
- Ice pellets
- Hail
- Moderate or greater freezing rain
123
You are 40 miles from a holding fix, when do you slow down?
The FAA answer is 3 minutes prior. The best answer is to request a slowdown immediately to save fuel and burn time on the way to the hold.
124
What does a Grid MORA look like and what does it provide you?
Minimum Off Route Altitude
It looks like a maroon-colored number with a large font for the thousands and a small font for the hundreds found in each lat/long grid.
It gives you 1,000' in non-mountainous and 2,000' in mountainous.
125
What does a MOCA look like and what does it give you?
Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude
The MOCA is usually underneath the MEA number. The lowest or furthest down altitude on a Jepp chart.
The MOCA provides: Obstacle clearance (1,000 non mtn, 2,000 mtn) AND provides signal coverage within 22NM of the navaid.
126
What does the MEA look like and what does it give you?
Minimum Enroute Altitude
Found parallel to the airway, right below the airway itself. (the MOCA might be below the MEA)
It gives you terrain clearance (1,000' non-mtn, 2,000' mtn), nav signal reception, and communication signal reception.
127
What does a flag with an X in the middle on an airway mean?
MCA = minimum crossing altitude
128
What does a flag with an X in the middle on an airway mean?
MCA = minimum crossing altitude
129
What is MAA?
Maximum Authorized Altitude
130
What if you see an MEA on an enroute chart and it looked like this: 10,000G. What is the G?
Means GPS altitude
131
Briefly explain what happens when you turn on the batteries on the 175
The batteries power the DC ESS busses and the APU start bus only. DU 2 and 3 should be powered up. Looking for at least 22.5V.
132
Why are some airports ground taxi page titles 10-9A while others are 20-9A, etc.
Because if there is an airport in a city with lots of other airports, they will label the plates differently to avoid confusion.
133
How do you derive alternate minimums?
1 Navaid with at least 1 approach: add 400' and 1SM to lowest approach
2 Navaids with at least 2 approaches: Add 200' and 1/2 to the HIGHER of the approaches.
134
What is exemption 17347?
An exemption that allows 121 carriers to dispatch when the weather is below landing minimums.
1. ) Must be "conditional" (TEMPO or PROB) (FM is not allowed).
2. ) WX must not be less than half of the approach VISIBILITY
3. ) Must file a second alternate
4. ) At first alternate, can repeat the process above (TEMPO or PROB no less than half the VISIBILITY).
5. ) Second alternate must use standard derived alternate minimums
135
What is considered "mountainous terrain" and what is not?
Mountainous: Terrain greater than 5,000' MSL
Non-mountainous: Terrain less than 5,000' MSL
136
Altimeter tolerance requirements for in the air and on the ground
On the ground: 75'
In the air: 200' (RVSM)
137
What is the reciprocal of heading 067?
247
138
What is the reciprocal of 253?
073
139
What does a compulsory reporting point look like on an enroute chart?
The waypoint (triangle) is shaded in unlike how it normally is hollow.
140
What is a FIR?
Flight information region. Like a center
141
What must be included in a position report?
1. ) Flight number
2. ) Position
3. ) ZULU Time
4. ) Altitude
5. ) Next waypoint
6. ) ETA to next waypoint
7. ) Name of following waypoint
8. ) Remarks
142
How many degrees between the equator and the north pole?
90
143
How many degrees between the equator and the north pole?
90
144
What altitudes are RVSM?
FL290 to FL410
145
Difference between Mayday and Pan-Pan
Mayday = Life Threatening
Pan-Pan = Urgent Situation
146
What is minimum fuel?
What is emergency fuel?
Minimum fuel: Declares you cannot accept any delay to ATC. You are projected to be landing at or below reserves.
Emergency fuel: Declares a fuel emergency. Gives you priority handling. Projected to land with 30 minutes or less of fuel.
147
What is a SIGWX chart?
Significant Weather – or SIGWX – is a high-level chart indicating forecast position of jet streams, tropopause heights, thunderstorms/Cumulonimbus (CBS), turbulence, and fronts.
148
On a SIGWX chart, what is a red scalloped line?
Thunderstorms and cumulonimbus clouds
149
On a SIGWX chart, you see there is a red scalloped line and inside it says:
```
ISOL
EMBD
CB
420
XXX
```
What is this telling you?
Red scalloped means thundersorms. ISOL= isolated. EMBD = embedded. CB = cumulonimbus. 420 XXX means tops are FL420 and bases are below the SIXWX chart range (below FL250).
150
On a SIGWX chart, what does a yellow dashed line area mean?
Area of either moderate or severe turbulance. Moderate is one chevron. Severe is 2 chevrons.
151
On a SIGWX chart, you see a green line and arrow. What does this mean?
It is showing a jet stream. In this case, the jet stream is 100 knots at 39,000'.
152
On a SIGWX chart, the jetstream will have barbs. What do these mean?
Large shaded barbs: 50 knots
Thin barbs: 10 knots
153
On a SIGWX chart, the jetstream may have 2 straight lines bisecting the green line. What does this mean?
A change in wind speed of more than 20 knots.
154
On a SIGWX chart, the jetstream may have additional numbers below its main altitude. Looking like this:
FL290
210/340
What does this mean?
Main core of the jet stream is FL290
| The wind reaches over 80 knots at FL210 and drops back down to below 80 knots at FL340.
155
On a SIGWX chart, what does a rectangle with a number indicate? What about a polygon with a number and a H or L?
Rectangle: Tropopause
Polygon with an altitude and either an H or L: Height of Tropopause, either the low region or the high region.
156
On a SIGWX chart, what does a cold front, warm front, occluded front, and stationary front look like?
Cold: Blue scalloped line
Warm: Red scalloped line
Occluded: Purple scalloped line
Stationary: Alternating red and blue scalloped line
157
What is an occluded front?
When a cold front overtakes a warm front. Expect bad visibility and lots of precipitation.
158
On a SIGWX chart, what is a white line with a V through it?
A squall line
Good SIGWX video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4oxBNnOJP00
159
How wide is an airway?
8NM (4 per side)
160
Describe the hydraulic system
- Comprised of 4 main components: System 1, system 2, system 3, PTU, and emergency/parking brake accumulator.
- System 1 and 2 are comprised of one engine driven pump and 1 AC pump each.
- System 3 serves as a backup, having basic flight controls. It is powered by 1 AC pump and 1 AC backup pump
- The PTU kicks on and transfers pressure from system 1 to system 2 should 2 EDP or 2 ACMP fail (gets the gear up or down.)
- 6 applications of parking brake
- Nominal pressure of 3,000 PSI
