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Technology Gcse Flashcards

(117 cards)

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1
Q

What is Ergonomics?

A

Ergonomics is the science of refining the design of products to optimise them for human use.

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2
Q

What is Anthropometric data?

A

Antropometric data is the study of human bodysizes and size subsequanity design product.

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3
Q

What is Aesthetics?

A

Aesthetis is primarily our perception of a products visual impact although it also relates to other senses such as hearing, touch, smell and even sometimes taste

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4
Q

What do aethetic designers consider when improving a product? ( 6 cards) (shape)

A

Shape:
The shape of a product has a big influence on its aesthetic appeal. Some are angular with straight edeges and some products use curves to provide both performance and enhancement. Some products have such distinctive shapes that they are very recognisable as a particular brand. Examples Princles, Kit Kat??

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5
Q

What do aethetic designers consider when improving a product? ( 6 cards) (Form)

A

Form:
Form can be described as the overall shape, profile or visual appearance of a product. Examples of products designed purely with form in mind would be watches, shoes and bags

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6
Q

What do aethetic designers consider when improving a product? ( 6 cards) (colour)

A

Colour:
Colour is very much personal taste but designers use colour to hep define the product’s function. Eg, television and audio equipment is ofter black/brushed steell, children’s toys bright primary colours, safety equipment bright red/yellow. Often colour is used to define a product that is intended to be used by male or female.
Colour choice of key components on a product not only provide aesthetic appeal but also have ergonomic uses for example light on a car dashboard or a remote control.

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7
Q

What do aethetic designers consider when improving a product? ( 6 cards) (texture)

A

Texture:
Designers use texture to enhance the shape of a product. For example a hairdryer might have the grip in a textured sureface for each but gloss or chrome finish on the body to enhance appearance.

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8
Q

What do aethetic designers consider when improving a product? ( 6 cards) (symmetry)

A

Symmetry:
The place of the light indicator or position of buttons on a remote will often be place symmetrically to improve ergonomics and aid the user in its use. Designers also use symmetry to provide aesthetic appear for example the fron grill or a car, electronic products like mobiles and laptops. Too much symmetry and shapes becxome complex and mathematical in appearance

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9
Q

What do aethetic designers consider when improving a product? ( 6 cards) (proportion)

A

Proportion:
Product dimensions are usually constrained by their function and/or technologies used within them. Designers need to ensure that their solution not only fit ergonomically but also fit visually. Products which have good proportion i.e. not too tall, not too wide are considered aesthetically plearing and attractive. If a product has too many buttons of the one size or if all the components are mathematically/equally devided out it can sometimes result in a rather dull design

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10
Q

What are Methods of Communication? (6 cards)

A

There are a variety of ways in which designers can communicate their ideas to others.

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11
Q

What are Methods of Communication? (6 cards)
(freehand sketching)

A

Freehand Sketching:
This allows the disigner to get ideas onto paper quickly and to communicate them to others. Sketches help the designer to refine, develop and improve ideas and acta as stepping stones onto final ideas. It gives the designer unrestriced freedom to be creative and make changes quickly and easily. Freehand sketching is basic and inexpensive.

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12
Q

What are Methods of Communication? (6 cards) (presentation drawings)

A

Presentation Drawings:
Presentation images that are sketched and then rendered are a step further than rough initial concepts and allow the designer to formally present an idea to a client. More time is spent on these drawings and they give a viewer a realistic impression of what the final product will look like. A range of ideas may be presented at this stage.

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13
Q

What are Methods of Communication? (6 cards) (working drawings)

A

Working Drawings:
Working drawings help communicate a design to the manufacturer. They normally consist of 2D orthographic drawings that are fully dimensioned. These can be hand-drawn to scale or produced using CAD software. Working drawings need to show every detail of the design if the product is to be manufactured exactly as the designer intended. Normally front, side and plan views are shown.

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14
Q

What are Methods of Communication? (6 cards) (mood boards)

A

Mood Boards:
Mood boards can be created to help inspire the designer during the idea generation stage. They are typically a collection or collage of images related to a set theme. The are primarily visual but can include text as well. Mood boards can be created by hand, the images being cut out and fixed to foam board or they can be digitally created usng photos or other images. A mood board can be a great idea if you are struggling to come up with creative ideas

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15
Q

What are Methods of Communication? (6 cards) (physical models)

A

Physical Mock-ups/Model:
Mock-ups and models that are made quickly from cheap materials can be used to help analyse and evaluate a design. Models allow interaction with a physical product and the limited tested of a range of factors such as size, proportion, stability, shape form etc. Generally made from cheap materials such as card or paper.

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16
Q

What are Methods of Communication? (6 cards) (CAD virtual modelling)

A

CAD Virtual Modelling:
CAD software is used to make a computer siomulations of a design. These can be tested and manipulated in the 3D digital workspace. While the design anot be handled the way a physical model could be the software allows viewing from various angles and offers precisely dimensioned parts that can be tested for alignment in assembly etc. A variety of surface finishes can be quickly added to the design and changes can be very easily made. CAD software allows designers to share their ideas easily and efficiently.

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17
Q

What is Thermoplastics?

A

Thermoplastics can be re-heated, re-shaped and recycled. Most commercial plastics are theroplastics. They are easy to cut, shape and finish to a high aesthetic standard and are readily available in sheets, blocks, tubes, rod, bar, pellets , powder etc. Although thermoplastics are very versatile and widely used, lthey are not always suitable for high heat.

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18
Q

Examples of Thermoplastics (5 cards) (Acrylic)

A

Acrylic:
Acrylic is used in several commercial applications and often used for display signs. It is popular in schools as a material used to fabricate products for several reasons. Acrylic is available in variety of colours and is transparent and plastic. It is cost effective, easy to cut shape and finish. It can be easily machined cut or engraved with CADCAM equipment such as a laser cutter. Acrylic can be also be press formed and blow moulded. It is not a toch as many other plastics meaning that it can be creacked if subjected to a fair degree of force.
Examples, safety glazing, visors, display signs, lighting fixtures, bathtubs.

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19
Q

Examples of Thermoplastics (5 cards) (rigid polystyrene)

A

Rigid Polystyrene:
Products such as disposable cups and cutlery are often made from ragid polystyrene since it is food hygenic. Schools made use of riid polystyrene for product manufacture sine, like acrylic it is cost effective and available in many colours (gloss and matt) though is is lighter and more flexible than acrylic and is useful as it can be easily vacuum formed. High impact polystrene (HIPs) as it is relatively though though it can be easily scratched
Examples, disposible plates, cups, cutlery, yogurt pots, toys, model kits

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20
Q

Examples of Thermoplastics (5 cards) (acrylonitrile)

A

ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadient Styrene):
ABS is a much tougher, harder and durable alternative to acrylice or rigid polystyrene albeit at a slightly higher price. ABS has a high level of resistence to corrosive chemicals compared to most plastics. Examples, keyboards, office chairs, airplane trays. power tool housing, lego, 3D printing

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21
Q

Examples of Thermoplastics (5 cards) (PVC)

A

PVC Polyvinyl Chloride:
PVC is wide used thermoplastic having many commercial applications. It is produced in two forms and is easy to tell the difference. PVC which is soft and flexible has been plasticised and is commonly used for clothing and electrical cables. PVC which is hard and rigid is unplasticised (uPVC) and is used for window frames and piping. PVC is widely used in the construction industry since it is tough and durable but is less common in school worshops as it can give off tosci gases when being thermoformed.
Examples, window frames, guttering, pipes. credit cards, electrical cables, clothing

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22
Q

Examples of Thermoplastics (5 cards) (Nylon)

A

Nylon:
Nylon can. be manufactured in different ways making it commonplace in products ranging from cars to clothes. Nylon is a very strong materal especially in terms of tensile strength. Nylon is ofter used for ropes and to reinforce rubber in car tyres. Nylon is also self lubricating making it ideal for gears. It has a melting point of 220 degrees making it very useful for engine components owing to it resilience to heat.
Examples, gears. tyres, castor wheels, ropes, cable ties, carpets, power tool housing, airbags, clothing, umbrellas

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23
Q

What is Thermosetting Plastics?

A

Thermosetting plastics can only be heated and shaped once. Once they are formed the molecules become interlinked and does not allow themn to be re-heated, re-shaped or recycled unlike thermoplastics.
They are less common than thermoplastics but they often have been mechanical properties and can resist higher temperatures and used in products such as saucepan handles, electrical fittings. They are usually available as granules powders, liquids and pastes

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24
Q

Examples of Thermosetting (4 cards) (melanine)

A

Melamine:
Melamine is a very hard, durable and head resistant plastic popular in kitchens and tableware. Often kitch cupboards and office desks are made from melamine which has the added benefit of being food hygenic and easy to clean and has a variety of aesthetic finishes such as wood gran effect. Care must be taken at installation as they can be easily chipped.
Examples, kitchen worktops, office desks, melamine tableware, ashtrays. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

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25
Examples of Thermosetting (4 cards) (polyester resin)
Polyester Resin: Polyester resin is strong, siff and touch themosetting plastic. The marine industry as we know it owes much of it development to reinforced plastics which use polyester resin. It is used in building all sorts of boats from yachts to canoes. Polyester resin has very good resistance to water absorption and is obviously light in weigh compared with more traditional boat building materials such as wood metals. Despite its value polyester resin is losing avour to epoxy resin which has superior properities. Examples, boats, anoes, kayaks, car bodies, patio furniture, suitcases
26
Examples of Thermosetting (4 cards) (epoxy resin)
Epoxy Resin Epoxy resin is used in a similar way to polyester resin but given its greater level of toughness and strength it as become the more established resin for coatings and binding composites. Epoxy resin has excellent adhesive properities and can be used soley as an adhesive. It is more expensive than polyester resin it is more resistant to moisture and fatigue making it more durable and long lasting. Examples, adhesives (industrial), paints/surface coatings. Encapsulating/coating electronic components, PCBs
27
Examples of Thermosetting (4 cards) (formaldehyde)
Urea Formaldehyde: This is commonly produced as a stiff non-transparent plastic. It is very hard, has excellent tensile strength and is an excellent insulator making it ideal for electrical sockets. Urea formaldehyde is also available as a low cost resin used in adhesives and as a binding agent for plywood and in particular MDF (Medium Density Fibreboard) Examples, electrical fittings, door handles, cooker knobs, adhesives MDF resin
28
What are Hardwoods?
Hardwoods come from deciduous trees (loose their leaves in winter). They grow slowly and are often not replaced when cut down. The wood is expensive and commonly used for fine furniture and wooden toys.
29
What are the types of Hardwood? (3 cards) (mahogany)
Mahogany: Cost - high Properties - reddish brown timbers. Strong, medium weight timer but the nature of the grain make it difficult to work. Uses - vaneered furniture, doors, staircases
30
What are the types of Hardwood? (3 cards) (beech)
Beech Cost - Medium Properties - very light brown with characteristic speckles. Hard, very tough and fairly heavy. Not prone to splitting and has no taste or odour. Uses - some saw handles, breadboard, kitchen utensils, toys and stools
31
What are the types of Hardwood? (3 cards) (oak)
Oak Cost - high Properties - beige-brown colour that changes to a very rich deep brown with time. Very hard, strong, heavy and durable. The harder, short-grained trees are more suitable for outdoor use. Uses - furniture, kitchen units, staircases
32
What is softwood?
Softwoods, come from coniferous trees (do not loose their leaves throughout the year) these grow quite quickly, often in plantations and are more likely to be replaced when cut down.
33
What are the types if softwood? (2 cards) (pine)
Pine Cost - low Properties - the most commond softwood. Colour varies pale to reddy brown. Can be cut and machined easily. Is fairly hard and stable. can be used unprotected indoors but is commonly painted or varnished. Uses - gates, floorboards, furniture, skirting boards, crates and pallets
34
What are the types if softwood? (2 cards) (cedar)
Cedar Cost - high Properties - straight grained that is knot-free. Very light in weight. Very durable, inside and outside. Quite soft Uses - shed construction, quality fencing
35
What are maufactured boards?
Manufactured boards are man-made and are produced from waste wood left over from the processing of natural woods. They are generally cheaper and are more stable in that they will not usually warp or twist. They are also available in much larger sheets. They can be veneered are cheap but not aesthetically pleasing. A vaneer is a thin layer of a more expensive and attractive wood used to improve the appearance with the cheaper wood concealed on the inside.
36
What are types of manufactured boards (3 cards) (plywood)
Plywood Cost - medium Properties - strong in all directions, quite stable but can warp. A water-proof ply is available. Uses - tabletops, worktops, door fronts, drawer bottoms, small boats (waterproof ply)
37
What are types of manufactured boards (3 cards) (MDF)
Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF) Cost - medium Properties - does not warp easily, cuts and planes well without splitting, need a finish Uses - tabletops, worktops, veneered furniture, clock cases
38
What are types of manufactured boards (3 cards) (chipboard)
Chipboard Cost - low Properties - heavy, can warp easily, joining pieces together is not easy, needs a finish Uses - cheap plastic coated furniture, foofing board, partitions
39
What are ferrous metals
Ferrous metals contain iron. Generally they tend to corrode and almost all are magnetic
40
What are types of ferrous metals (3 cards) (mild steel)
Mild steel Composition - iron + 0.15-0.35% carbon Properties - tough, strong, malleable and cheap. Rusts easily. Can be welded Uses - nails, screws, bolts, car bodies, girders, washing machines
41
What are types of ferrous metals (3 cards) (high carbon steel)
High Carbon Steel (Tool Steel) Composition - iron + 0.8-1.5% carbon Properties - very hard and brittle. Less ductile and malleable than mild steel. Difficult to cut Uses - hand tools usch as hammers, chisels, screwdrivers, punches, files and saws
42
What are types of ferrous metals (3 cards) (stainless steel)
Stainless steel Composition - chromium (18%), nickle (8%), magnesium (8%) Properties - hard and tough, resists wear very well and does not rust. Difficult to cut and is expensive Uses - sinks, cutlery, teapots, saucepans, medical equipment
43
What are non-ferrous metals?
Non-ferrous metals do not contain iron and are not affected by magnetism
44
What are types of non- ferrous metals (3 cards) (aluminium)
Aluminium: Composition - pure metal Properties - Strong, light soft, easily shaped and silver in colour. Difficult to join, corrosion resistant. Good conductor Uses - kitchen foil, drinks cans, cooking utensils, packaging, window frames, aircraft (Duralumin)
45
What are types of non- ferrous metals (3 cards) (brass)
Brass Composition - copper + zinc Properties - heavy, quite hard and strong. Attractive material which is malleable, ductile and corrosion-resistant. Uses - electrical fittings, door handles, valves, ornaments, musical instruments.
46
What are types of non- ferrous metals (3 cards) (composition)
Composition - pure metal Properities - tough but easily shaped and soldered as quite soft. Excellent conductor and corrosion resistant Uses - hot water cylinders, electrical wire, plumbing fittings, pipes
47
What is an Alloy
When a metal or non-metal are brought together this new material is called an alloy. It is essentially a mixture of elements, one of which must have metallic properities. Metals are alloyed to improve or enhance the qualities of the material e.g. improved strength or resistance to corrosion. Brass is an alloy as it is a mixture of copper and zinc. Mild steel is an alloy as it is a mixture of iron and carbon
48
What metal is used for a step ladder and why?
Material - aluminium Reason - strong, light and silver in colour
49
What metal is used for door hinge and why?
Material - brass Reason - heavy, strong, corrosion-resistant.
50
What material is used for saucepan and why?
Material - stainless steel Reason - hard and tough, resistant wear and doesn't rust
51
What material is used for car body and why?
Material - mild steel Reason - tough and strong and can be welded
52
What material is used in a drink can and why?
Material - aluminium Reason - strong and light and can be easily shaped
53
What material is used for hammer and why?
Material - High Carbon steel Reason - very hard and tough and doesn't rust
54
Which plastic is used for a light switch and why?
Material - Urea Formaldehyde: Reason - good adhesive, electrial insulator
55
Which plastic is used for model kits and why?
Material - Rigid Polystyrene Reason - durable and easy to join
56
Which plastic is used in window frames and why?
Material - PVC Reason - Duralbe, chemical and resistant
57
Which plastic is used in disposable plates and why?
Material - ridget polysterien Reason - food hygenic, easy to cut and durable
58
Which plastic is used in canoes and why?
Material - Polyester Resin Reason - strong, hard and fairly tough. Good adhesive properities and good resistance to water absorption
59
Which wood is used in pallets and why?
Material - Pine Reason - can be cut and machined easily
60
Which wood is used in wooden toys and why?
Material - Beech Reason - Not prone to splitting and has no taste or odour
61
Which wood is used for banisters and why?
Material - Oak Reason - very strong, hard, heavy and durable
62
Which wood is used in garden fencing and why?
Material - cedar Reason - very durable inside and outside
63
Which wood is used in chopping boards and why?
Material - beech Reason - not prone to splitting and is durable
64
What wood is used in flooring and why?
Material - oak Reason - strong, hard, resistant and is water absorbent
65
What is Graphene?
Graphene is a super thin layer of graphite. It is almost invisible to the human eye but material scientists and engineers have already used graphene to enhance products such as touch screens and electronic components. Graphene enhanced composite materials have also been developed such as tennis rackets, skis and tyres.
66
What are the Properities of Graphene (4)
Graphene is the new 'miracle material' of the 21st century. It is the thinnest material in the world (1 million times thinner than a human hair) Strongest material (200 times stronger in steel) Most conductive material in the world - conducts electricity faster than copper or silicon Most flexible material in the world - more flexible than paper, rubber and plastics
67
What are the applications for Graphene? (3)
Electronics: Graphene enhanced electronics will increase miniaturisation and conductivity pushing aside silicon and copper. Sports and Recreation: Many companies are using graphene enhanced products and protypes such as the tennis racquets making them lighter Battery and Solar Technologies: As well flexible electronics, graphene may also have a huge impact on the ability of solar cells to produce electricity capacitors that could charge within seconds making batteries obsolete.
68
Tools and Processes: What is vacuum forming?
Vacuum forming is a process that transforms a flat thermoplastic sheet into a three dimensional casing. Rigid polystyrene is most commonly used for vacuum forming although acrylics, PVC and ABS can also be used. This mould used to produce the shape of the casing is made from wood (usually a softwood or a manufactured board such as MDF) due to its ease of processing and heat resistance. Moulds can be used repeatedly to produce multiple casings. It is important that a mould has tapered sides (known as a draught angle) on it to allow it to be realeased easily from the plastic casing. Typical applications include - product packaging, protective casings, signs, light covers, circuit housings, enclosures for medical imaging and diagnostic equipment, point of sale displays, containers, masks and remote control car bodies. Thermoplastics in sheet form can be heated and then bent into shape using a strip heater or line bender. The strip heater will soften the plastic only on the area held above the heating element, allowing it to be removed and held in shape in a jig or former. Jigs or formers are used to ensure accuracy in the bending process and to help hold the work at the desired angle while it cools. They must be made from hard-wearing and heat-resistant materials such as plywood to allow repetitive use. Once the piece cools it remains in its new shape. Acrylic is the most common material used in line bending.
69
What is heat treatment?
Heat treatment is the process of heating and cooling metals to change their properities. Different types of heat treatment can be used to made a metal harder, stronger or even softer. Not all of these properities can be improved together, for example, improving hardness can reduce toughness. Heat treatment involves heating metal to very high temperatures in a controlled way for a set period of time. Heat treatment is usually carried out in a furnace but can also be achieved using an oxygen-acetylene flame in a school workshop.
70
What are the three stages of heat treatment? (3 cards) (heating)
Heating: Metal must be heated slowly and evenly to avoid cracking. Heating times will vary depending on the type and size of the metal amongst other factors. Heating temperatures vary from several hundred degrees to over one thousand degrees celsius
71
What are the three stages of heat treatment? (3 cards) (soaking)
Soaking: The metal is held at a certain temperature for a specific period of time. If a metal needs to be heated to a temperature of 900°c it will be pre-heated to perhaps 300°c and held at that temperature until the head has spead uniformly throughout the metal before quickly being reheated to full temperature.
72
What are the three stages of heat treatment? (3 cards) (cooling)
Cooling: Metals can be cooled quickly by quenching them in water, oil or other liquids. Slow and controlled cooling can also be employed. In this case furnace cooling is generally used.
73
What are the types of Heat Treatments? (4 cards) (annealing)
Annealing: Annealing is the process of softening a metal such as copper steel and brass to make it more malleable and ductile. Alluminium can be annealed using a gas glame in a workshop. The metal is simply heasted and held at a specific temperature for a set period of time (soaking) before being left to cool very slowly, usually in the furnace or a sandbox. Both groups of metal (ferrous and non-ferrous) can be annealed so that they are easier to cut, shape and machine.
74
What are the types of Heat Treatments? (4 cards) (normalising)
Normalising: Normalising is similar process to annealing except it is strictly for ferrous metals (various types of steel). The steel is usually heated to temperatures between 810°c - 930°c. Normalising steel refines the internal grain and gives the metal a more stable and uniform structure (relieving internal stress). Normalising is less expensive than annealing and produces stronger metal and is often used to product sheet metal
75
What are the types of Heat Treatments? (4 cards) (hardening)
Hardening: Hardening is the process of making metal hard by heating and quickly cooling it in oil or water. Hardening is often used to create tools made from steel. Although the steel becomes very hard it can also result in increased brittleness in which case the process of tempering is required.
76
What are the types of Heat Treatments? (4 cards) (tempering)
Tempering: Tempering reduces the hardness of metal in order to increase its toughness. It is often carried out affte the hardening process by re-heating the steel (usually at a much lower temperatures) and quickly cooling it. If tempering is performed correctly (by observing colour changes in the metal) then a good balance between hardness and toughness can be achieved.
77
What ways can you join material?
Will depend on the type of material and whether the joint needs to be permanent or semi-permanent Permanent: A joint which cannot be reversed without causing damage to the material (the joint is intended to stay put for the cycle of the product) Semi-Permanent: A joint which can be reversed without causing damage to the material (the joint can be disassembled perhaps for repair, maintenance or transportation purposes).
78
What are permanent joining methods?
Soft soldering, brazing and welding are permanent methods of joining metal parts using intense heat. Soldering and brazing cannot melt the metal parts together but the joint can be heated and filled with a filler metal ensuring strong and permanent bond.
79
Explain welding
Welding is a much higher temperature method of joining metals than soldering and brazing which actually melts the metal parts together. Welded joints are also permanent and the strongest way of joining metal.
80
What is soft soldering?
Soft soldering is the process of permanently joining metal parts which are generally small or which may become damaged using very high temperature.
81
What two ways do you do soft soldering?
Using a soldering iron or using a gas or electrical torch
82
What happens when you apply high levels or heat to metal?
Applying high levels of heat to metal will cause a vapour oxide to form on the surface and prevent the solder from adhering to it. A type of paste know as flux should be applied to the joint beforehand to prevent oxidisation and help ensure that the solder adheres to the metal.
83
What does soldering electronic components mean?
Soldering is widely used for joining electronics components. A soldering iron is used rather than a naked flame as this would burn the components and the printed circuit board (PCB). Flux is not needed as flux is contained inside. Components which could be easily damaged by heast should be protecte4d with a heat sink by attaching a crocodile clip or using long nosed pliers
84
Explain the Soldering Process
Ensure copper track/pads on the PCB (print circuit board) are free from grease and fingerprints. Insert electronic components/wires into the PCB Heat the joint evenly with the tip of the soldering iron Apply solder to the joint Remove soldering iron and solder and allow the joint to cool
85
How do you solder metal objects?
Soft soldering is an excellent joining methods for joing metal objects which are not subject to mechanical stress. It is widely used by jewellery makers and plumbers. Clean the joint ensuring it is free from grease and fingerprints (wire wool) secure metal parts closely together with minimal gaps apply flux to the joint (to prevent oxidisation) heat the joint evenly and apply solder Allow to cool
86
Explain what is brazing?
Brazing uses a filler metal which melts at temperatures above 450°c. It is usually similiar process to soft soldering but is much stronger because a brass alloy is used as a filler. Although brazing it is not as strong as welding. It is much more precise and dissimilar metals can be joined.
87
Explain what is welding?
Welding uses extremely high heat to join metal by fusing (melting) the parts together. Welding is the strongest joining method and is usually assoicated with gas and high current electric, however laser, friction or ultrasonic energy can also be used to join plastics and other dissimilar materials.
88
What are the different types of joining metal? (2 cards) (oxy-acetylene)
Oxy-acetylene: This type of welding makes used of acetylene gas and oxygen to create a flame of around 3000°c which melts metal parts together. Oxy-acetylene is used less frequently than arc welding but does have the advantage of being portable since an electric powder source is not required.
89
What are the different types of joining metal? (2 cards) (MIG and TIG)
MIG and TIC Welding: MIG and TIG welding making use of an electric arc and gas to join metal. MIG (Metal Inert Gas) and TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) fuse metal parts together at temperatures of up to 20000°c . In TIG welding a filler metal (rod) can be used as an option but in MIG welding it is fed into the joint semi-automatically. MIG and TIG welding are by far the strongest joining methods for joining metal and can even be fully automated using robot technology.
90
What are semi-permanent joining methods?
Knock-down fittings: Knock-down fittings are a type of mechanical joining method used to assemble products such as flat pack furniture, kitchen units, beds etc. There are many different types of knock-down fitting buy they generally use some type of screw fixing, dowel, bracket or black to pull the joint togethe4r. Typically include: Cabinet Screws Cam locking fittings Cross dowels Shelf supports
91
What are the advantages of knock-down fittings?
Knock-down fittings can be used by anyone who has access to screw drivers or Allen keys. There is no need for the assembler to mark out, cut or drill. A cam lock fitting clearly pulls the man-made panels together giving a percise finish. The cam lock is hidden so as not to impact on the aesthetic look of the product. Knock-down fittings provide companies with the option for flat-pack assembly which makes large products easy to store and transport thereby saving money. Knock-down fittings can also be cost effective as a joining method as they do not require expensive equipment or skilled labour. Another advantage is the product cand be disassembled again if required.
92
Explain what smart materials are
Smart materials are a new and growing area of technology where materials are designed to solve new and old problems. Smart materials are providing new opportunities for design and innovation
93
What are Smart materials? (4)
Materials that are designed and manufactured to contain special properities. Materials that can change from one state to another. Changes are activated by environmental or direct stimulus. Stimuli include temperature, moisture, electrical, magnetic, PH, stress conditions and light
94
Name two smart materials and explain them. (2 cards) (thermochromic pigments)
Thermochromic Pigments: Thermochromic pigments are liquid crystals that change colour when the temperature changes. They can be designed and manufactured to change to one colour at a specific temperature through a range of temperatures. Thermochromic crystals can be added as pigments to paints and links and used in a variety of applications. One application for thermochromic pigment is for a temperature gauge or thermometer. Each temperature is represented by a different colour. These can be used for testing body temperatures or used on fridges or freezers. The bright coloured pigments are easy to read. A couple of examples of thermochromic pigments would be showing the level of electricity remaining in a battery or novelty coffee mugs.
95
Name two smart materials and explain them. (2 cards) (self cleaning glass)
Self-cleaning glass Self-cleaning glass is made from a special invisible coating material to cover the glass. The two functions, one breaking down dirt and grime that stick to the glass and other allowing rain to wash it clean. The coating on the surface of the glass reacts to the ultra violet light from the sun. This reaction breaks down particles of dirt that are stuck to the surface of the glass making them easier to move. It is water repellent so fain gathers in droplets and rolls off the glass picking up dirt as they move. it eliminated the need to manually clean the glass and save money over its lifetime. Additionally as buildings are getting taller and glass is being used in more extreme places it can make it difficult to reach requiring specialist cleaners self cleaning glass would eliminate the need for this.
96
What is a mechanism?
A mechanism is a system of moving parts that performs some function. Common mechanisms are levers, pulleys, gears and wheels
97
What are three basic building blocks of mechanical control
Input---Process---Output
98
Name four types of Motion. (4 cards) (rotary motion)
Rotary Motion: This is turning round in a circle such as a wheel turning, the blades of a fan or the propellers on an aeroplane, funfair rides, roundabout, Ferris wheel, steering wheel
99
Name four types of Motion. (4 cards) (linear motion)
Linear Motion: This is moving in a straight line, such as a guillotine or a train, tube
100
Name four types of Motion. (4 cards) (reciprocating motion)
Reciprocating Motion: This is moving backwards and forwards in a straight line, as in cutting with a saw, a sowing machine or the piston in a car engine, drawer, zippers, sewing machine
101
Name four types of Motion. (4 cards) (oscillating motion)
Oscillating Motion: This is swinging from side to side, like a pendulum in a clock or the windscreen wipers of a car, swing
102
What is a simple gear train?
Gears are wheels with teeth which mesh to transmit rotary motion. When two or more gears mesh it is called a gear train.
103
What is an idler gear?
A small gear called an idler can be inserted between two gears so that they both turn in the same direction.
104
What are spur gears?
Gears connected are called a spur gear because they mesh together. Gear A is call a driver because it is turned by a motor. As it begins to turn it meshes with gear B and it begins to turn as well.
105
What is gear ratio?
Where there are two gears of different sizes the smaller gear will rotate faster than the larger gear. The difference between these two speed is called the gear ratio and can be calculated using the number of teeth.
106
What is the formula for gear ratio?
Gear ratio = No. of teeth on the driven gear/No. of teeth on the driver gear. Gear ratio = 15/60 Gear ratio = 1/4 or 1:4 The driver is four times bigger than the driven so for every one turn of the driver gear (60 teeth) there are four turns of the driven (15 teeth) therefore the driven is moving four times faster
107
What is the formula for Output speed?
Output speed = input speed/gear ratio 200/0.25 (or 1/4) Output speed = 800rpm
108
What is a belt and pulley?
A pulley system consists of two pulley wheels each on the shaft, connected by a belt. This transmits rotary notion and force from the input, or driver shaft, or the output, or driven shaft.
109
What are two main types of belt?
V-belt Round belt
110
What is a cam?
A cam is a shaped piece of metal or plastic fixed to a rotating shaft.
111
What are the three parts of a cam mechanism?
Cam Slide Follower The cam shaft rotates continually turning the cam. The follower is the rod that rests on the edge of the turning cam. The follower is free to move up and down but is prevented from moving from side to side by a slide or guide so the follower dcan do three things Rise (move up) Fall (move down) or Dwell (remain stationary)
112
What is Pneumatics?
Pneumatics involves the controlled use of compressed air. When used correctly compressed air is a safe form of stored (potential) energy which can be made to perform certain tasks. Examples dentist's drills, automatic doors and hammer drills.
113
Explain pneumatic safety
Safety is of the utmost importance when handling compressed air. If compressed air enters the body it can kill. Never use your finger to detect if compressed air is present and always keep compressed air away from your eyes, nose and mouth. In addition pneumatic pistons can move quickly and with a great deal of force so always be careful to keep fingers away from live pneumatic systems.
114
Explain single acting cylinders
Cylinders convert the energy in the compressed air into linear motion. The air enters the cylinder and pushes a piston from one end of the cylinder to the other.
115
Name two of cylinder and explain difference between the two
Single acting which has on air connection Double acting has two air connections
116
Explain single acting cylinder
in a single acting cylinder compressed air is used to push a piston out and a spring to push it in again. When compressed air is supplied to the cylinder, the piston rod extends (called the outstroke). When the air supply is switched off, the internal spring returns the piston rod to its retracted position (the in stroke).
117
Explain 3/2 valves
3/2 valve is used to control components such as single acting cylinders which have a single input

tecnology (2 decks)

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