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Geography (Physical) > Tectonic Hazards > Flashcards

Tectonic Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

what is the distribution of earthquakes like? (for all three types of focus)

A
  • on plate bounderies (shallow focus)
  • lots of intermediate focus earthquakes on the west coast of south america
  • deep focus earthquakes in south america and asia
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2
Q

whats the distribution of volcanoes like?

A
  • lots of volcanic activity on the west coast of north and south america
  • lots on the north east coast of oceania
  • lots on the south east coast of asia
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3
Q

whats the distribution of tsunamis like?

A
  • most highly destructive (around 5m) are in New Zealand, south east Asia and North/South America.
  • most moderate (around 2m) are located on the south west coast of Australia along with some under 2m.
  • some moderate ones found on the east coast of Africa
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4
Q

how thick is the different parts (oceanic and continental) of the crust on earth?

A

oceanic- 7km thick

continental- up to 70km thick

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5
Q

how deep is the mantle?

A

700km to 2890km deep

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6
Q

how deep is the outer core?

A

2890km to 5150km deep

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7
Q

how deep is the inner core?

A

5150km to centre

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8
Q

whats the temperature of the crust?

A

surface temp to about 400*c

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9
Q

whats the temperature of the mantle?

A

870*c

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10
Q

whats the temperature of the outer core?

A

4400c to 6100c

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11
Q

whats the temperature of the inner core?

A

7000*c (radioactive decay)

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12
Q

how dense is the crust?

A

less dense:
oceanic- 2.7g/cm^3
continental- 3.3g/cm^3

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13
Q

how dense is the mantle?

A

less dense to medium density

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14
Q

how dense is the outer core?

A

dense

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15
Q

how dense is the inner core?

A

very dense

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16
Q

what is the composition of the crust?

A

granite (continental) and basalt (oceanic)

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17
Q

what is the composition of the mantle?

A

peridote upper = olivine

lower = magnesium silicate

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18
Q

whats the composition of the outer core?

A

12% sulphur
88% iron

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19
Q

whats the composition of the inner core?

A

20% nickel
80% iron

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20
Q

whats the physical state of the crust?

A

solid

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21
Q

whats the physical state of the mantle?

A

phases of liquid and solid in layers

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22
Q

whats the physical state of the outer core?

A

liquid (generate magnetic field)

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23
Q

whats the physical state of the inner core?

A

solid (generates heat)

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24
Q

what happens at a constructive plate boundary?

A

they move apart

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25
Q

what happens at a transform (conservative) plate boundary

A

they slide past eachother

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26
Q

does
- seismic activity
- volcanic activity
occur at a constructive plate boundary?

A
  • Yes (shallow focus + low magnitude)
  • Yes (effusive flowing eruptions + low VEI)
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27
Q

what are the features of a constructive plate bounderies (what forms)?

A

island arc, oceanic trench

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28
Q

does
- seismic activity
- volcanic activity
occur at a destructive (ocean and continent) plate boundary?

A
  • Yes (range of focal depths from shallow to 700km, along benioff zone, often high magnitude 6-8)
  • Yes (explosive, moderate to high 5-6 VIE)
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29
Q

what are the features of a destructive plate boundary (ocean and continent)?

A

fault lines, ridges and surface scarring

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30
Q

what forms at a destructive ocean and ocean plate boundary? (seismic activity and volcanic is the same as o and c)

A

oceanic trench, fold mountains, volcanic peak

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31
Q

does
- seismic activity
- volcanic activity
occur at a collision plate boundary?

A
  • Yes (shallow focus, moderate magnitude 6-8)
  • No (usually none, occasional fissure eruptions)
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32
Q

what features are at a collision plate boundary?

A
  • fold mountains, plateus
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33
Q

does
- seismic activity
- volcanic activity
occur at a transform plate boundary?

A
  • Yes (moderate to high magnitude earthquakes of shallow focus)
  • Yes/No (usually none, occasional fissure eruptions)
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34
Q

what features are shown at a transform plate boundary?

A

fault line (eg. San Andreas Fault)

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35
Q

what is slab pull?

A
  • older colder plates sink at subduction zones (because as they cool, they become more dense than the underlying mantle)
  • the cooler sinking plate pulls the rest of the warmer plate along behind it
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36
Q

what is paleomagnetism?

A
  • discoveries were made that oceanic crust showed symmetrical bonds of magnetic stripes, formed either side of mid ocean ridge
  • the earths magnetic field reverses approximately every 200,000 to 300,000 years.
  • this helped to show that new oceanic crust was formed and helped to date rocks.
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37
Q

what did paleomagnetism prove?

A

sea floor spreading is a key role in plate boundary movement

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38
Q

whats the most convincing evidence of the theory of plate boundary’s constantly moving?

A

tectonic hazards (earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain building along plate boundaries)

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39
Q

name an example of a collision plate boundary formation?

A

Himalayan Mountain Range

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40
Q

name an example of a constructive plate boundary formation?

A

Mid Atlantic Ridge- Iceland

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41
Q

name an example of a transform plate boundary formation?

A

San Andreas Fault

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42
Q

what hazards follow a:
-destructive
-collision
-constructive
-transform

A
  • volcano, tsunami, earthquake
  • earthquake
  • tsunami, volcano, earthquake
  • earthquake
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43
Q

examine why volcanoes aren’t created at all plate boundaries?

A

no way for magma to rise at a transform boundary

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44
Q

does all tectonic activity occur on plate boundaries?

A

no, because a few volcanoes are in the middle of the pacific ocean, which is very far from the plate boundaries. Also, many earthquakes are in central Asia, again not near a boundary.

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45
Q

discuss whether you think intra-plate activity can be more or less destructive than activity on plate boundaries?

A

interplate-
• occurs at plate boundery
• more common
• recognised on the surface
• releases stress but dissipated quickly.
Intraplate -
• not at plate boundary
• less common
• rarely recognised
• release more stresss-dissipates slower

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46
Q

how does focus depth influence the strength of an earthquake?

A

if a focus is shallow, the strength of an earthquake will be higher because the energy has less distance to travel

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47
Q

how does type of boundary influence the strength of a earthquake?

A

destructive has the most severe earthquake if its a destructive plate boundary - stronger.

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48
Q

how does distance from epicentre affect the strength of an earthquake?

A

further from the epicentre is weaker

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49
Q

how does geology influence the strength of an earthquake ?

A

if the rocks are weaker the energy will dissipate quicker so its a weaker earthquake
(geological fault lines or intraplate)

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50
Q

what is amplitude?

A

maximum extent of a vibration, measured from position of equilibrium

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51
Q

describe primary waves

A
  • body wave
  • highest velocity
  • least damaging
  • reaches surface first
  • travel through solids, liquids, shaking back and forth
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52
Q

describe secondary waves

A
  • body wave
  • slower velocity
  • higher amplitude
  • move slower
  • only through solid
  • sideways motion
  • more damaging than p
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53
Q

describe love waves

A
  • surface waves
  • highest amplitude
  • move slowest
  • most damaging
  • shake ground side to side
  • larger
  • focus all energy on Earths surface
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54
Q

how are tsunamis formed?

A

• earthquake changes shape of sea floor causing displacement of water
• large waves form and move at up to 800km/h
• waves slow in shallower coastal areas but increase in height

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55
Q

name the 6 hazards of a volcano

A
  • lava flows
  • pyroclastic flows
  • tephra
  • gas eruptions
  • lahars
  • jokulhlaup
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56
Q

location of the boxing day earthquake/tsunami 2004

A

• indian ocean
• epicentre just off the coast of sumatra, indonisia
• affected thailand, sri lanka, malaysia and india
• caused by indo-australian plate and subducting under eurasian plate

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57
Q

what type of hazard is a tsunami?

A

secondary

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58
Q

causes of the boxing day tsunami?

A

• underwater 9.0 magnitude earthquake
• indo-australian plate subducted under eurasian by up to 20km
• release of pressure along 1200km of fault line/plate boundary
• sea retreated in thailand
• 24km high + 13.5m/s speed waves
• LIDC/ EDC not prepared and struggle to alert and evacuate so more died

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59
Q

hazard/impacts of the boxing day tsunami?

A

• 290,000 killed
• 1.7 bil homeless
• 2.9 mil economic loss
• oil spill
• effected 12 countries
• infrastructure destroyed

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60
Q

identify the four tectonic plates and the fault closest to there the turkey syria earthquake occured?

A

anatolian plate, eurasian, african and arabian
• east anatolian fault

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61
Q

explain the factors which made the earthquake so deadly? (turkey syria)

A
  • magnitude of 7.8
  • broke along a 100km fault line
  • shallow focus
  • unsturdy buildings
  • occured early in the morn
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62
Q

differences between syria and turkey with the earthquake?

A

syria at war for many years, less of prep- already trying to recover
both EDCs - bad infrastructure

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63
Q

explain how the strike slip earthquake occured in turkey/syria?

A

rocks beneath surface contain points of weakness, movement cause the rocks to deform, when stress exceeds the strength of the rock, it fractures along a fault

64
Q

dif between earthquake magnitude and intensity?

A

mag- energy released at the epicentre (richter then MMS)
intensity- (MMIS) impact of the earthquake on people

65
Q

what are the three types of volcano?

A

shield, composite, hotspot

66
Q

explain the shield volcano feautures

A

runny less viscous lavq
sloped sides
constructive plate
less explosive/ destructive
balsatic lava
no layers

67
Q

explain the features of a composite volcano

A

more vicious lava
steep sides
more destructive
alternate layers of ash and lava

68
Q

features of a hotspot volcano?

A

magma rises through crust away from plate boundaries
new volcanic island forms
cindercone- most common- smaller

69
Q

what are the three magma types?

A

basalt, andesite,
rhyolite

70
Q

what is the silica content of each magma type

A

basalt: 45%-51%
andesite: 52%-65%
rhyolite: 68%-77%

71
Q

whats the temperature of the three magma types?

A

basalt- high
andesite- medium
rhyolite- lowest

72
Q

whats the viscocity of each magma type

A

basalt- low
andesite- medium
rhyolite- high

73
Q

how easy is the gas escape from each magma type

A

basalt- easy
andesite- medium
rhyolite- hard

74
Q

whats the eruptive style of each three magma type

A

basalt-
continual

andesite- mixed

rhyolite- explosive

75
Q

describe what the mount ontake eruption looks like

A

large spew of ash, cloud, tiny rocks
falling like hailstones so they couldnt breath
30 dead
many injured
composite

76
Q

describe what the mount kilauea looks like

A

hotspot volcano
homes damaged
slow moving lava
steam
erupting continuously

77
Q

define a hazard

A

percieved natural event that had the potential to threaten both life and property

78
Q

define a disaster?

A

reality of a hazard happening when it causes a significant impact on a vunerable population

79
Q

what does the UN define a distaster as?

A

a serious disaster of the functioning of a community or society involving widespread human material economic or environemntal loss or impcr

80
Q

what makes a place vunerable to a tectonic hazard?

A

war and conflict
level of infrastructure
economic capacity to recover
less awareness
population
location to coast

81
Q

what are the 5 factors to understanding risk?

A

• unpredictablilty
• lack of alternatives - people stay in hazardous areas for multiple reasons
• dynamic hazards - the threat from hazards fluctuates and human influence can play a role
• cost benefit- the benefit from staying in a hazardous location may outweigh the risk
• russian roulette reaction- the acceptance of the risk as something that will
happen whatever you do

82
Q

what is the hazard risk equation?

A

risk= hazard x exposure x vunerablility/manageability

83
Q

what is the pressure and release PAR model?

A

progression of vunerability -> hazard = disaster

84
Q

lava flows:
• what?
• p or s
• case study example

A

• streams of lava erupted from a volcano onto earths surface
• p
• kilauea hawaii 2018
- may to august lava flowed, 17mph, destroyed 700 homes

85
Q

pyroclastic flow:
• what?
• p or s
• case study example

A

mixture of hot rock, lava, ash and gas ejected from a volcano during an eruption
• P
• fuego guatemala
- speeds of 450mph for miles
- temp ranged between 200c to 700c
- 69 deaths

86
Q

tephra:
• what?
• p or s
• case study example

A

• pieces of volcanic rock and ash released into the air during eruptions
• P
• iceland 2010, reached altitudes of 30,000 ft covering large areas of NW europe
- disrupts flight paths for a week, evacuation to prevent inhilation

87
Q

gas eruptions:
• what?
• p or s
• case study example

A

• magma contains gases which are releases during an eruption
• p
• mt pinatubo philipinnes 1991
- produced 20 mil ton of sulphur dioxide
- cooled earth for 3 years by 0.6c
- rose to a height of 32km

88
Q

lahars:
• what?
• p or s
• case study example

A

• masses of rock, mud, water that move very quickly down the sides of a volcano
• S
• nevado del ruiz columbia
- pyroclstic flow melted 10% of snow and ice on volcano
- travel up to 60kmh
- water reached depths of 50m
- killed 23,000

89
Q

jokulhaup:
• what?
• p or s
• case study example

A

• heat of volcano melts snow and ice in a glacier
• S
• iceland 2010- melted through 200km of thick ice
- widespread evacuation + ring road
- flood reached peak discharge

90
Q

in recent years the number of recorded hazards has?

A

increased

91
Q

the number of disasters has?

A

decreased

92
Q

reasons for n of disasters decreasing?

A

more prep - decrease the impacts of events

more/ better equipment to detect

93
Q

the type of disaster that is
most common is ?

A

hydrological

94
Q

the least common type of disaster is?

A

climatological

95
Q

what is EM-DAT?

A

world wide data base on disaster statistics

96
Q

what affects the reliability of data?

A

• primary or secondary hazards/impacts - data could be immediate - not including secondary info
• location of disaster - less data in LIDCs
• priorities of the government - could cover something up for deception or more money if it looks worse
• timescale of disaster - not immediate - wait for secondary hazards - data not accurate

97
Q

what is a mega disaster?

A

large scalee, pose problems for effective management and require co ordinated usually international responses
2000+ deaths, 200000 homeless

98
Q

features of iceland 2010?

A

• european airspace shut down
• tourism and airline industries
lost significant income due ti the fact people could not move
• nissan plant in japan had to halt as they couldnt send parts to ireland

99
Q

whats features of japan
2011 disaster?

A

• 5% loss in overall GDP
• damage to nucleur plant
• tokyo and sony halted production
• germany and italy shut down their nuclear reactors for new ones

100
Q

what are the four stages of the hazard management cycle?

A

mitigation
prep
response
recovery

101
Q

what does each stage of the hazard management cycle do?

A

mitigation - preventing hazard and minimise effects - land use zoning

preparation - prep to deal before

response - coping with disaster

recovery - after hazard, long term build homes, short term immediate needs

102
Q

what are the key players?

A

emergency responders
businesses
community groups
international organisations
charities

103
Q

what are the most effective key players and why?

A

aid doners - give stuff to help initially and LT
communities - limited resources but straight away
insurers - economical help buildings and businesses etc
NGOs - provide funding and shelter etc in all stages of the cycle

104
Q

what is an example of a multi hazard zone?

A

japan, port au prince

105
Q

benefits of tectonic
hazard profiles and negatives?

A

good to compare same hazard
• dif to compare dif hazards wto degree of inaccuracy

106
Q

once hazard profiles are made govs can….

A

• invest in evac in high risk areas
• land use zoning
• awareness espec in high risk areas

107
Q

why is hazard profiling bad?

A

wto economic funding nothing can be done

108
Q

higher HD means?

A

more science available - more accurate stats

109
Q

how to predict volcanoes?

A

gas release - levels of sulphur
•. thermal imaging
• seismometer
• boreholes

110
Q

what is hazard
managment and eg

A

govs and
organisations work together to protect people from natural hazards

• aims to aboid or reduce loss of life
- provide help to those affected
- ensure a rapid and effective recovery

111
Q

how have NGOs helped?

A

• 500,000 tents, 6 mil blankets, safe water food + clothing
• ST - roads rebuilt, water supplies, reestablished
• LT - 60,000 rebuild livelihoods, tools to grow crop

112
Q

what are the key players (5)

A
  • emergency responders
  • businesses
  • community group
  • international organisations
  • charities
113
Q

what are the four stages of the hazard management cycle?

A

mitigation, preparation, response, recovery

114
Q

explain the mitigation stage of the hazard management cycle?

A
  • preventing hazard events or minimising their effects
    • land use zoning
    • building protective structures eg sea defences for tsunamis
    before n after hazard
115
Q

explain the preparation stage of the hazard management cycle?

A

preparing to deal with a hazard
- before hazard
- develop plans etc

116
Q

explain the response stage of the hazard management cycle?

A

(occurs after hazards)
- response
- coping with disaster
eg search and rescue

117
Q

explain the recovery stave of the hazard management cycle ?

A

get back to normal
(after hazard)

short term : provide essential health and safety
long term : rebuilt home etc

118
Q

what stage of the hazard management model is most important in haiti?

A

response and recovery sunce its an LIDC, because they cant afford ti have good infrastructure for mitigation

119
Q

ACs such as Japan, whats the most important stage of the hazard managenent cycle,

A

mitigation as they can afford it

120
Q

is crisis mapping a mitigation or adaptation?

A
  • adaptation
121
Q

is land use mapping a mitigation or adaptation strategy?

A

mitigation

122
Q

is high tech monitoring a mitigation or adaptation teq?

A

adaptation

123
Q

is diverting lava flows a mitigation or adaptation strategy?

A

mitigation

124
Q

is hazard resistant buidlings mitigation or adaptation?

A

mitigation

125
Q

is modelling hazard impact a adaptation or mitigation teq?

A

adaptation

126
Q

is GIS mapping a mitigation or adaptation tech?

A

mitigation

127
Q

is public education a mitigation or adaptation tech?

A

adaptation

128
Q

is community preparedness and adaptation tech?

A

adaptation

129
Q

describe crisis mapping?

A

crowd source info to accurately map areas struck by disaster and send aid/help

130
Q

describe land use mapping?

A

local gov planners regulate how land in a community may be used

131
Q

describe high tech monitoring?

A

GIS: helps create hazard maps and manage hazards effectively

Early warning systems: scientific instruments detect a sign -> alert

Mobile phones:
rapid warnings + communications

132
Q

where is crisis mapping been used before?

A

• 2010 Haiti earthquake

133
Q

where is land use mapping used?

A

common in ACs less so in EDC/LIDC

134
Q

where has high tech monitoring been used before?

A

2011 japan

135
Q

diverting lava flows - mitigation or adaptation strategy?

A

mitigation

136
Q

hazard resistant buildings - adaptation strategy?

A

mitigation

137
Q

modelling hazard impact - mitigation or adaptation strategy?

A

adaptation

138
Q

GIS mapping - mitigation or adaptation strategy?

A

mitigation

139
Q

public education - mitigation or adaptation strategy?

A

adaptation

140
Q

community preparedness - mitigation or adaptation strategy?

A

adaptation

141
Q

explain diverting lava flows

A

using barriers or digging channels
- however, sometimes ineffective is path is hard to predict, terrain not suitable, directs lava to another place

142
Q

when was diverting lava flows used??

A

Iceland in 1973

143
Q

explain hazard resistant buildings?

A

protecting life and property by avoiding fallen debris and collapsing buildings

144
Q

when was hazard resistant buildings used?

A

effective in developing countries

145
Q

explain modelling hazard impact?

A

computer models allow scientists to predict impacts of hazard events - info fed to computers - model the impacts

146
Q

where would modelling hazard impact be used?

A

ACs

147
Q

explain GIS mapping?

A

identify where evacuation routes should be placed or to help with rescue and recovery options

148
Q

explain public education?

A

good education and public awareness to reduce vunerablility

149
Q

explain community preparedness?

A

develop suitable plans for at risk areas best for low income areas

150
Q

when was/would GIS mapping be used?

A

nepal 2015 earthquake

151
Q

when was/would public education be used?

A

Japan children do drills 4x a year

152
Q

when was/would community preparedness be used?

A

2004 indian ocean tsunami - Thailand tribe advised movement to hilltop - 200 saved

153
Q

what is the park model also known as??

A

the disaster response curve

154
Q

what’s the aim of the park model?

A

show the effects of a hazard on quality of life over a sequence of time

155
Q

what are factors the park model take into account?

A

hazards are inconsistent

all hazards have dif impacts + response

ACs recover faster

156
Q

who discovered the theory of continental drift?

A

alfred wegener

157
Q

what is the jigsaw fit theory?

A

continents can be fitted together like a jigsaw - shows they were all together (Pangea)

Geography (Physical) (1 decks)

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