Tectonics Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
Where is the Continental Crust located
A
- Beneath Earth’s continents
- -Extends under shallow seas near continents
- -Thicker but less dense than oceanic crust
2
Q
What is the Continental Crust made of?
A
- Consists mainly of lighter rocks like granite
- Forms large landmasses
- Less dense than basalt
3
Q
How old is the Continental Crust?
A
- Wide range of ages
- From very recent to nearly 4 billion years old
- Older on average than oceanic crust
4
Q
Why do tectonic plates move?
A
*Due to convection currents in the mantle
* Heat from Earth’s core drives mantle flow
* Mantle material (asthenosphere) in motion drives plate movement
5
Q
What happens to the mantle material when it gets heated by Earth’s core?
A
- Becomes less dense and expands
- Rises and spreads beneath tectonic plates
- Causes plates to move apart (diverge)
6
Q
What happens to mantle material as it cools?
A
- Becomes denser and contracts
- Sinks back towards the core
- Pulls tectonic plates along with it
7
Q
What is the slab pull force, and how does it affect tectonic plates
A
- Occurs when a denser oceanic plate subducts
- Gravity pulls the plate into the mantle
- Pulls the rest of the plate, driving further convergence
8
Q
What is sea floor spreading, and how does it create new oceanic crust?
A
- Happens when two oceanic plates diverge
- Magma rises to fill the gap between plates
- New oceanic crust forms as magma cools and solidifies
9
Q
How does magnetic striping provide evidence for sea floor spreading?
A
- Basaltic rocks align with Earth’s magnetic field as they cool
- Alternating patterns of normal and reversed polarity
- Shows history of Earth’s magnetic field
- Confirms continuous formation of new crust at mid-ocean ridges
10
Q
What happens during normal and reverse polarity, and how does it relate to Earth’s magnetic field?
A
- Normal polarity: Magnetic North points towards geographic North
- Reverse polarity: Magnetic North points towards geographic South
- Earth’s magnetic field has reversed many times
- Recorded in alignment of magnetic minerals in oceanic crust
11
Q
What is magnetic striping, and how does it relate to plate tectonics?
A
- Pattern of alternating magnetic alignments in basaltic rocks
- Iron-rich minerals align with Earth’s magnetic field as they cool
- Symmetrical stripes on either side of mid-ocean ridges
- Evidence for sea floor spreading and tectonic plate movement
12
Q
What happens when two oceanic plates move apart?
A
- Two oceanic plates move apart (diverge).
- Decreased pressure causes parts of the underlying mantle to melt, forming magma.
- Magma rises through the gap to the Earth’s surface and fills the space created by the spreading plates.
13
Q
What are the results of Oceanic-Oceanic Divergence?
A
- Basaltic rocks form new oceanic crust as magma cools and solidifies.
- A deep rift valley with steep sides forms at the center of the ridge.
- Magma can create underwater volcanoes.
- Over time, volcanoes may break the ocean surface to form volcanic islands (e.g., Surtsey, Iceland).
14
Q
What happens when two continental plates move apart?
A
- Two continental plates move apart (diverge).
- Rocks stretch and fracture, creating parallel faults.
- The land between these faults collapses to form a deep rift valley with steep sides.
- Decreased pressure in the mantle causes it to melt, forming magma.
Magma can rise through weak areas in the crust, forming volcanoes.
15
Q
What is an example of Continental-Continental Divergence?
A
- The Nubian Plate pulls apart from the Somalian Plate, forming the Great Rift Valley (e.g., Mount Kenya, Mount Kilimanjaro).
16
Q
What happens when two continental plates collide?
A
- Two continental plates collide.
- Neither plate subducts because both are light and buoyant.
- Enormous compressional pressure causes rock layers to buckle and fold, forming fold mountains.
- Friction along the convergent boundary causes earthquakes.
- No magma rises to the surface, so no volcanoes are formed.
17
Q
What are examples of Continental-Continental Convergence?
A
- Young fold mountains: The Himalayas (Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate).
- Old fold mountains: Appalachian Mountains (USA).
18
Q
What happens when an oceanic plate converges with a continental plate?
A
- The denser oceanic plate subducts under the less dense continental plate.
- The point of collision is the subduction zone, forming an oceanic trench.
- High pressure in the subducted plate causes water to be released, lowering the melting point of the mantle above and forming magma.
- Magma rises through faults in the crust to form volcanoes.
- Enormous compressional pressure causes rock layers to buckle and fold, forming fold mountains.
- Earthquakes can occur due to friction along the subducting oceanic plate.
19
Q
What is an example of Oceanic-Continental Convergence?
A
- Oceanic Nazca Plate converges with continental South American Plate, forming the Peru-Chile Trench, Andes Mountains, Nevado del Ruiz volcano, and the 2010 Chile earthquake.
20
Q
What happens when two oceanic plates converge?
A
- The older, denser oceanic plate subducts under the less dense oceanic plate.
- The point of collision forms a subduction zone, creating an oceanic trench.
- High pressure in the subducted plate causes water to be released, lowering the melting point of the mantle above and forming magma.
- Magma rises through faults in the overriding plate to form volcanoes.
- A chain or arc of volcanic islands forms.
- Earthquakes can occur due to friction along the subducting oceanic plate.
21
Q
What is an example of Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence?
A
- Pacific Plate converges with Eurasian Plate, forming the Mariana Trench and volcanic islands like Guam.
22
Q
What happens at a Transform Plate Boundary?
A
- Plates slide past one another horizontally.
- No formation of volcanoes.
- Earthquakes can occur due to the friction between the sliding plates.
23
Q
What is an example of a Transform Plate Boundary?
A
- Pacific Plate slides past the North American Plate, forming the San Andreas Fault in California, USA, where earthquakes like the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake are common.
24
Q
What happens at divergent plate boundaries to form shield volcanoes?
A
- Plates move apart, causing the crust to stretch and develop fractures.
- Decreased pressure causes parts of the underlying mantle to melt, forming magma.
- Magma contains dissolved gases and is less dense than the surrounding materials.
- Magma rises through the cracks in the crust to the Earth’s surface, erupting as lava.
- Over successive eruptions, a volcano forms with layers of lava.
- The lava travels longer distances before cooling and solidifying, creating a volcano with gentle sloping sides and a broad summit.
- In some cases, the summit may be blown off during a violent eruption, resulting in an enlarged crater known as a caldera.
25
What is an example of a shield volcano?
* Mount Kilauea in Hawaii, USA
26
What happens at convergent plate boundaries to form stratovolcanoes?
1. Plates move towards each other, and the denser plate subducts under the other.
2. As the subducted plate sinks into the mantle, high pressure forces water out of its oceanic crust, lowering the melting point of the overlying mantle and forming magma.
3. Magma contains dissolved gases and is less dense than the surrounding materials.
4. Magma rises through cracks in the crust to the Earth's surface, erupting as lava.
5. The lava cools, solidifies, and accumulates over time, forming a stratovolcano.
27
What is an example of a stratovolcano?
* Mount Mayon in the Philippines
28
What is the impact of high silica content on lava?
* High silica content makes the lava viscous (sticky), causing it to solidify quickly and trap gases easily.
* The buildup of pressure below the Earth's surface results in a violent explosion.
29
What is the impact of low silica content on lava?
* Low silica content makes the lava fluid and mobile, allowing it to spread further from the vent before solidifying.
* This results in a less violent eruption, as the lava traps less gas.
30
Where is the largest concentration of earthquakes?
* At plate boundaries.
31
What causes earthquakes at plate boundaries?
* Plates are pushed by tectonic forces, stress builds up, and energy is eventually released.
32
33
Where are broad belts of earthquakes commonly found?
* Along convergent plate boundaries in the Pacific Ring of Fire.
34
Where are narrow belts of earthquakes found?
* Along the divergent plate boundary of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
* Along the transform plate boundary, such as the San Andreas Fault.
35
Where do earthquakes occur more commonly?
* Along convergent plate boundaries at subduction zones, as more stress is built up during subduction.
36
What types of plate boundaries are found in the Pacific Ring of Fire?
* Convergent: Pacific plate moving towards the Philippine plate.
* Divergent: Pacific plate moving away from the Cocos plate.
* Transform: Pacific plate sliding past the North American plate along the San Andreas Fault.
37
Where are volcanoes generally located?
* Near convergent and divergent plate boundaries.
38
What happens at these plate boundaries to form volcanoes?
* Magma rises up to the surface, forming volcanoes.
39
Where can belts of volcanoes be observed?
* **Convergent Plate Boundaries:** A belt of volcanoes along subduction zones in the Pacific Ring of Fire.
* **Divergent Plate Boundaries**: A belt of volcanoes along divergent plate boundaries between the North American and Eurasian plates.
40
Where are volcanoes not found?
* Near continental-continental (C-C) convergent plate boundaries.
41
What are the effects of ground shaking on natural systems?
**Destruction of ecosystems:**
* Ruptures oil and chemical factories, polluting land and water.
* Fractures and uproots trees, damaging wildlife habitats.
42
What are the effects of ground shaking on human systems?
* *** Destruction of properties and infrastructure:**
* Weakens buildings, bridges, roads, and railways, causing collapses.
* **Disruption of services:**
* Snaps water and gas pipes, causing shortages and disruptions.
* Breaks electricity and communication cables, affecting communication services.
* **Loss of lives and fatalities:**
* People may get trapped under collapsed structures, resulting in loss of lives and injuries.
43
What are the effects of soil liquefaction on natural systems?
* **Destruction of ecosystems:**
* Trees and soil sink in, damaging wildlife habitats and causing forest loss.
* Liquefied soil may enter rivers, smothering aquatic plants and killing species.
* Broken sewage pipes may pollute rivers, killing aquatic life.
44
What are the effects of soil liquefaction on human systems?
* **Destruction of properties and infrastructure:**
* Buildings and infrastructure can sink and tip over, making rescue difficult.
* **Disruption of services:**
* Electricity and communication cables, water, and gas pipes can sink in and snap, disrupting services.
* Roads and railways above liquefied soil can sink and get damaged, hindering rescue efforts.
* **Loss of lives:**
* Similar to ground shaking.**
45
What are the effects of landslides on natural systems?
* **Destruction of ecosystems:**
* Fast-moving debris can bury large areas of forests and wetlands.
* Rivers can be polluted with debris, killing aquatic life.
* Rivers can be blocked, causing floods that damage nearby ecosystems.
46
What are the effects of landslides on human systems?
* **Destruction of properties and infrastructure:**
* Debris can bury villages and farms, destroying properties.
* **Disruption of services:**
* Similar to ground shaking and soil liquefaction.
* **injuries and fatalities:**
* Similar to ground shaking and soil liquefaction.
47
How does a tsunami form?
1. An undersea earthquake displaces the seabed.
2. A large volume of water is lifted, forming waves.
3. The waves travel towards land at high speeds (~800km/h).
4. As waves approach the coast, they slow down and increase in height.
5. Waves can reach heights of 15m or more and devastate shorelines.
6. Before a tsunami occurs, the sea may recede from the shore.
48
What are the impacts of a tsunami on natural systems?
* Floods coastal wetlands and forests, damaging habitats.
* Carries debris that pollutes and damages ecosystems.
49
What are the impacts of a tsunami on human systems?
* **Destruction of properties and infrastructure:**
* Fast-moving waters and debris sweep away buildings.
* **Disruption of services:**
* Fast-moving waters snap cables, disrupting services.
* **Injuries and fatalities:**
* Waters can drown people, and debris can cause injuries or death.
50
What are the impacts of tephra on natural systems?
* **Destruction of ecosystems:**
* Ash can be carried far, polluting forests, rivers, and habitats.
* Ash can suffocate wildlife and cause blindness in birds.
51
What are the impacts of tephra on human systems?
* **Destruction of properties and infrastructure:**
* Volcanic bombs and ashfall can damage buildings and infrastructure.
* Ash weakens buildings, making them more likely to collapse.
* Damages farmland and livelihoods by suffocating crops.
* **Disruption of services:**
* Ash damages plane engines, leading to airspace closures.
* **Loss of lives and casualties:**
* Volcanic bombs can cause injuries and fatalities.
* Ashfall can cause respiratory problems and suffocate people.
52
What are the impacts of volcanic gases on human systems?
* **Destruction of properties and infrastructure:**
* Acid rain from sulfur dioxide corrodes buildings.
* **Loss of lives and casualties:**
* Sulfur dioxide irritates skin, eyes, and throat.
* High levels of carbon dioxide can cause breathing difficulties or death.**
52
What are the impacts of volcanic gases on natural systems?
* **Destruction of ecosystems:**
* Sulfur dioxide causes acid rain, damaging vegetation and wildlife.
* Carbon dioxide can kill wildlife in low-lying areas and damage vegetation.
53
What are the impacts of lava flow on natural systems?
* **Destruction of ecosystems:**
* Hot lava destroys forests and habitats.
54
What are the impacts of lava flow on human systems?
* ** Destruction of properties and infrastructure:**
* Lava burns through homes and infrastructure.
* **Disruption of services:**
* Lava destroys electricity, communication cables, and pipelines.
* **Loss of lives:**
* People trapped in lava flow or damaged buildings may die.
55
What are the impacts of pyroclastic flows on natural systems?
* **Destruction of ecosystems:**
* Destroys large areas of forests, leading to biodiversity loss.
* Pollutes large areas with thick layers of ash.
56
What are the impacts of pyroclastic flows on human systems?
* Similar to other volcanic hazards.
57
What are the impacts of lahars on natural systems?
* **Destruction of ecosystems:**
* Lahars cover forests with thick mud, destroying them.
* Pollute rivers, killing aquatic life.
58
What are the impacts of landslides on natural systems?
* **Destruction of ecosystems:**
* Fast-moving debris buries large areas of forests and wetlands.
* Debris blocks rivers, causing floods.
59
What are the impacts of lahars/landslides on human systems?
* **Destruction of properties and infrastructure:**
* Similar to other volcanic hazards.
* **Disruption of services:**
* Similar to other volcanic hazards.
* **Casualties and life loss:**
* Similar to other volcanic hazards.
60
Which earthquake triggered severe liquefaction, damaging more than 60,000 residential buildings in New Zealand?
The 2010-2011 Christchurch, New Zealand earthquakes.
61
Which earthquake caused more than 250,000 houses to collapse and resulted in about 220,000 deaths in Haiti?
The 2010 Haiti earthquake (Mw 7.0).
62
Which earthquake in China triggered more than 15,000 landslides and caused nearly 20,000 deaths?
The 2008 Great Sichuan, China Earthquake (Mw 7.9).
63
Which earthquake in Papua New Guinea caused landslides that polluted rivers and destroyed forests?
The 2018 Papua New Guinea earthquake (Mw 7.5).
64
Which tsunami was triggered by a 9.1 Mw undersea earthquake near Sumatra, Indonesia, affecting 11 Indian Ocean countries?
The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami.
65
Which tsunami in Japan resulted from a 9.0 Mw earthquake and caused waves up to 40 meters in height?
The 2011 Tohoku, Japan earthquake and tsunami.
66
Which volcanic eruption in the Philippines buried more than 180 km² of forests in ash?
The 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines.
67
Which volcanic eruption in Hawaii destroyed more than 600 homes and caused widespread communication outages?
The 2018 Kilauea eruption in Hawaii.
68
Which volcanic eruption in Indonesia resulted in pyroclastic flows that killed about 250 people?
The 2010 Merapi eruption in Indonesia.
69
Which volcanic eruption in the USA caused landslides that traveled as far as 23 km from the volcano?
The 1980 Mt. St. Helens eruption.
70
Which volcanic eruption in Colombia buried more than 20,000 people in the town of Armero due to lahars?
The 1985 Nevado Del Ruiz eruption in Colombia.
71
What are the benefits of farming in volcanic areas?
* Volcanic rocks break down over thousands of years, creating fertile soils.
* Fertile soils are highly suitable for agriculture, leading to higher crop yields.
* Higher crop yields allow locals to grow a variety of crops or earn more income.
* Increased income improves the standard of living for those living near volcanoes
72
Example of farming benefits in volcanic areas?
* The best rice-growing regions in Indonesia, such as Bali, are near volcanoes like Mount Agung.
73
How do volcanic areas contribute to the extraction of precious minerals?
* Magma cools and solidifies beneath volcanoes, forming precious minerals (e.g., copper, silver, gold).
* Locals can be employed in mining these minerals, providing a source of income.
* Governments can sell these minerals to generate revenue for social services like education and healthcare.
* Volcanic materials such as ash and sand are also valuable for construction purposes.
74
Example of precious minerals extraction in volcanic areas?
* Thousands of locals living on Mount Merapi mine volcanic sand for building construction.
75
What is geothermal energy and how is it beneficial in volcanic areas?
* Geothermal energy is derived from heat in the Earth's crust, often found in tectonically active areas.
* Hot rocks beneath the Earth's surface heat groundwater, forming steam.
* This steam is harnessed to generate electricity, providing cheaper, locally-produced power.
* Employment opportunities arise from the operation of geothermal power plants, reducing unemployment.
76
Examples of geothermal energy benefits in volcanic areas?
* Most of Iceland’s electricity comes from geothermal power due to its numerous volcanoes.
* The Geysers geothermal field in Northern California produces enough electricity to meet the power demand of San Francisco.
77
How does tourism benefit locals living near volcanic areas?
* Volcanic features like craters attract tourists for activities such as hiking and sightseeing.
* Tourism creates jobs for locals, such as tour guides, and in providing tourist accommodation, food, and souvenirs.
* The influx of tourists boosts local economic development.
78
Examples of tourism benefits in volcanic areas?
* The Hawaiian Islands are popular tourist destinations due to their scenic volcanic landscapes.
* Tourism in Hawaii generates an annual income of about US$88 million and provides thousands of jobs for locals.
79
What is Disaster Risk Management?
* Involves preventing, reducing, and managing disaster risks before, during, and after tectonic hazards.
* Key strategies include designing structures to withstand disasters, early warning systems for evacuation, and rebuilding efforts post-disaster to ensure recovery.
80
Example of disaster risk management in construction?
* Taipei 101 in Taiwan has a weighted damper near the top to balance out ground shaking during earthquakes, reducing the risk of collapse.
81
What are the environmental consequences of disaster risks?
* Volcanic eruptions can bury forests and wetlands, destroying ecosystems and causing biodiversity loss.
* Landslide debris can pollute rivers, potentially blocking them and causing floods that damage nearby ecosystems.
82
What are the social consequences of disaster risks?
* Tsunamis can result in significant loss of life, homelessness, and poor living conditions in makeshift shelters.
* Contamination of drinking water sources by seawater can spread diseases like cholera.
* The emotional and psychological impact from the loss of homes and loved ones can negatively affect mental well-being.
83
Example of social consequences from a tsunami?
* The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami increased the poverty rate in Aceh, Indonesia, from 30% to 50% due to widespread loss of life and property.
84
What are the economic consequences of disaster risks?
* Tectonic hazards can destroy homes and properties, leading to high repair costs for individuals and loss of income for business owners.
* Governments must spend significant resources on repair and rebuilding efforts, impacting the economy.
85
Example of economic consequences from an earthquake?
* The Mw 7.0 Haiti earthquake in 2010 led to the destruction of most of the city due to a lack of earthquake-resistant buildings, resulting in over 220,000 deaths and severe economic hardship.
86
Why is it important to reduce disaster risks?
* Social, economic, and environmental consequences can be severe, hindering development, especially in developing countries.
* Developing countries are more affected due to limited capacity to prevent, reduce, and manage disaster risks.
87
Example of disaster risk management effectiveness?
* During the Mw 9.0 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in 2011, Japan had a lower death toll (about 19,000) despite the higher magnitude, due to their investment in earthquake-resistant buildings and better recovery resources
88
What determines the extent of tectonic disaster risks in a place?
* The extent of tectonic disaster risks is determined by the interactions between tectonic hazards and the vulnerability and exposure of the area to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
89
What factors influence disaster risks related to earthquakes?
* **Nature of Hazard:**
* Duration of ground shaking affects the damage; longer shaking increases risk.
* Time of shaking matters; if it occurs while people are asleep, the risk is higher.
* **Vulnerable Conditions:**
* Quality of building design and construction.
* Soil and rock properties; soft soil increases risk due to liquefaction.
* **Exposure:**
* Higher population density increases the number of people at risk.
* Proximity to the epicenter increases the intensity of the seismic waves.
90
Example of disaster risk related to the duration of shaking?
* The 2011 Tohoku, Japan earthquake (Mw 9.0) lasted for 6 minutes, causing massive damage to buildings.
91
example of disaster risk related to the time of shaking?
* The 1995 Kobe, Japan earthquake (Mw 6.9) occurred early in the morning when people were asleep, leading to over 6,000 deaths.
92
Example of disaster risk related to building quality?
* During the 2010 Mw 7.0 earthquake in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, many buildings collapsed due to poor construction and materials, resulting in significant loss of life.
93
Example of disaster risk related to soil properties?
* In areas with soft soil, seismic waves become amplified, increasing the likelihood of building collapses and resulting in more injuries and loss of lives.
94
Example of disaster risk related to population density and proximity to the epicenter?
* The 1995 Kobe earthquake killed over 6,000 people due to the high population density and proximity to the epicenter.
* The 2010 Mw 7.0 earthquake in Port-au-Prince, Haiti resulted in more than 220,000 deaths due to the epicenter being only about 25km west of the city.
95
What factors influence disaster risks related to volcanic eruptions?
* **Type of Magma:**
* Viscosity affects the nature of the eruption; more viscous magma leads to more explosive eruptions.
* **Nature of Hazards:**
* Pyroclastic flows and lava can cause extensive damage to infrastructure and properties.
* **Vulnerable Conditions:**
* Availability of surface and groundwater can lead to lahars, increasing disaster risks.
* **Prevailing Wind Conditions:**
* The strength and direction of winds affect the distribution of ashfall and tephra.
* **Exposure:**
* Presence of human settlements near volcanic areas increases exposure and risk.
96
Example of disaster risk related to the type of magma?
* The 2010 eruption of Mount Merapi in Indonesia had pyroclastic flows traveling 3 km, leading to significant loss of life and property
97
Example of disaster risk related to lahars?
* The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines triggered lahars due to heavy rainfall, destroying more than 100,000 homes.
98
Example of disaster risk related to wind conditions?
The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo resulted in widespread ashfall due to strong winds, damaging over 90,000 hectares of farmland.
99
example of disaster risk related to human settlement exposure?
* Despite repeated eruptions of Mount Sinabung in Indonesia, many people continue to live and work within the restricted zone due to the presence of fertile soils for farming.
100
What is the goal of strengthening community resilience in hazard-prone zones?
To involve people living in these zones to resist, adapt, and recover from the impacts of disasters in a timely and efficient manner.
101
What are the key strategies to strengthen community resilience?
1. Reducing exposure through land use planning.
2. Reducing vulnerability through hazard-resistant building designs and developing monitoring and warning systems.
3. Increasing preparedness for disaster response and recovery.
102
how does land use planning reduce exposure to tectonic hazards?
by controlling and minimizing development in high-risk areas, thereby decreasing the risk of loss of lives and damage to properties.
103
Give an example of effective land use planning after a disaster.
After the 1933 tsunami in Japan, residential land use on coastal areas, such as the Tounihongo village, was shifted to higher ground.
104
How do hazard maps help in land use planning?
They control development in areas at risk by using data on past earthquake events to suggest levels of risk (high, medium, or low) and indicate the likely extent of disasters.
105
What was the impact of land use planning during the 2011 Tohoku, Japan earthquake?
Houses on higher ground were not destroyed by the tsunami caused by the earthquake.
106
What are earthquake-resistant building designs used for?
To withstand ground shaking by using base isolators or dampers to absorb vibrations and diagonal cross braces to retain building shape during earthquakes.
107
How do earthquake-resistant buildings reduce vulnerability?
They prevent buildings from swaying too much, reducing the risk of collapse and thus decreasing the likelihood of people getting trapped.
108
Provide an example of an earthquake-resistant building.
Taipei 101, a skyscraper in an earthquake-prone zone, has a weighted damper near the top to balance out ground shaking and reduce the risk of collapse.
109
What is the purpose of monitoring and warning systems in reducing vulnerability?
They detect seismic waves and ground deformation to make predictions and send warnings about potential hazards, allowing people to evacuate to safer places
110
Describe the Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) system.
It uses a network of sensors to detect seismic waves during an earthquake and sends alerts to people, providing advance warning for authorities and individuals to respond and evacuate quickly.
111
What is the importance of raising public awareness of hazards?
It educates people on the hazards and how to respond to them, such as taking temporary shelter from volcanic ash or sealing doors and windows during an eruption.
112
How does first aid training contribute to community resilience?
It enables people to provide basic medical care to the injured, keeping them mobile so they can evacuate if needed.
113
Give an example of successful disaster preparedness through education.
During the 2011 Tohoku, Japan earthquake, nearly all 3,000 students in Kamaishi city survived due to disaster prevention education programs and evacuation drills.
114
What is the purpose of conducting evacuation drills?
To familiarize people with evacuation procedures and routes, reducing the likelihood of them being trapped during a disaster.
115
What challenges can affect the extent of community resilience?
Lack of resources, including technological and financial resources, can hinder efforts to reduce vulnerability, exposure, and recovery from disasters.
116
How can the community's ability to organize itself impact disaster response?
A lack of capability to organize can limit the community's ability to respond and recover from disasters, as seen in the 2010 Haiti earthquake.
117
What are disaster response strategies aimed at?
Saving lives, ensuring public safety, and meeting the immediate basic needs of those affected by the disaster.
118
What is the role of search and rescue efforts after a disaster?
To find and save survivors trapped in buildings or disaster zones, using skilled rescuers and specialized equipment to reduce the time taken to locate and evacuate survivors.
119
Why is timely evacuation critical during disasters?
It involves moving people away from areas at risk of hazards, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, or volcanic eruptions, to reduce loss of lives.
120
Give an example of a successful evacuation during a disaster.
During the 2011 Tohoku, Japan earthquake, nearly all 3,000 students in Kamaishi city were evacuated to higher grounds immediately after the earthquake, saving them from the tsunami.
121
What is the importance of providing basic social and psychological services after a disaster?
It helps prevent dehydration, starvation, and the spread of diseases, and provides emotional support to help survivors cope with trauma.
122
Provide an example of the provision of basic social services after a disaster.
After the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the International Committee of the Red Cross provided water supply for 12,000 people by trucking water into Port-au-Prince daily.
123
Why are psychosocial services important after a disaster?
They help survivors cope with emotional distress and trauma, which can last long after the disaster.
124
Give an example of psychosocial support provided after a disaster.
After the 2018 Palu, Indonesia earthquake, volunteer groups focusing on mental health worked with children to help them deal with the trauma of losing their families and homes.
