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Atonement quotes > tectonics - Gibson > Flashcards

tectonics - Gibson Flashcards

1
Q

5 key points about tectonic hazard situation

A
  • Concentrated along tectonic plate boundaries
  • Ring of fire
  • Types of hazard vary by the boundary
  • Intraplate hazards
  • Tsunamis
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2
Q

What is Tomography?

A

CAT scans of the lithosphere

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3
Q

What is the new theory of slab pull?

A

The plates are pulled down through gravitational sliding

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4
Q

What was the old theory of slab pull?

A

The heat generated from convection isn’t enough to pull the plates

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5
Q

What is ridge push

A

Newly formed oceanic crust at mid ocean ridges become denser and thicker as it cools. This causes it to sink under its own weight-pulling the rest of the plate down with it

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6
Q

what is a rift valley and what plate boundary is it formed at?

A

where plates move apart on continents the crust stretches and breaks to form faults formed at a divergant plate boundary

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7
Q

3 types of destructive/convergent boundary

A

1) when the oceanic plate sides beneath the continental plate because it is denser
2) when 2 oceanic plates meet and one subducts
3) when 2 continental plates meet and form high fold mountains

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8
Q

what forms at collision boundaries?

A

fold mountains

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9
Q

what can form at conservative plate boundaries?

A

faults

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10
Q

2 examples of intraplate earthquakes

A

Rhine Rift Valley
African Rift Valley

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11
Q

how are volcanic hotspots formed?

A

Magma upwells from the core and forms volcanic hotspots such as the yellowstone hotspot on the N. American plate

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12
Q

What is a mantle plume?

A

A stationary upwelling of abnormally hot rock within the Earth’s mantle

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13
Q

What is a hotspot

A

The place where the plume melts the mantle such as Hawaii

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14
Q

The Yellowstone Caldera chain

A

the current caldera is the most recent in a series of eruptions that span over millions of years.
The N. American plate is moving west over a stationary hotspot.
As the plate moves, the hotspot produces an enormous eruption every few million years.
This causes a chain of rhyolitic calderas

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15
Q

What is a caldera?

A

A large depression formed when a volcano erupts and collapses

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16
Q

what are 4 secondary impacts of an earthquake?

A

Tsunami’s
Fires
Aftershocks
Landslides

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17
Q

What is paleomagnetism?

A

the record of the strength and direction of the Earth’s magnetic field in rocks

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18
Q

What is sea floor spreading?

A

A geological process in which tectonic plates split apart and new ocean floor is created

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19
Q

what are the 4 different types of seismic wave?

A

S waves - can only travel through solids
Love waves - only travel through the solid parts of the earth’s surface
Rayleigh waves - surface waves that travel near the surface of solids.
P waves - can pass through the liquid outer core

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20
Q

What is subduction?

A

The sideways and downwards motion of the edge of a plate into the mantle beneath another plate. When enough mass has moved past the force arc it would begin to fall (gravity)

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21
Q

What is a locked fault?

A

a fault that is not slipping because frictional resistance on the fault us greater than the shear stress of the fault

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22
Q

who spotted that the plates used to fit together?

A

Abraham Ortelius

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23
Q

who spotted that there were 2 layers in the mantle?

A

Dan Mackenzie

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24
Q

Who spotted continental drift?

A

Alfred Wegener

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25
properties of the Hawaiian eruptions?
Fluid lava flows from a volcano's summit and radical fissures form shield volcanoes
26
properties of the Strombolian eruptions?
Moderate bursts of expanding gases that eject clots of incandescent lava in cyclical small eruptions
27
properties of Vulcanian eruptions?
Moderate explosions of gas laden with volcanic ash this mixture forms dark turbulent eruption clouds
28
properties of the Pelean eruption?
intensely violent mount vesuvius in 29 AD gas rich magma generates enormous and nearly continuous jetting blasts
29
properties of the Plinian eruptions?
Generate pyroclastic flow at a high velocity - extremely dangerous
30
properties of the icelandic eruptions?
effusions of basaltic lava
31
what makes magma more viscous?
Crystals make it more likely to explode then flow
32
What index is used to describe and compare the size or magnitude of volcanic eruptuons?
VEI (Volcanic Eruption Index) uses a scale from 0 - not explosive to 8 - extremely
33
what are the several factors that the VEI uses to assign a number?
The amount and height of the volcanic material ejected How long the eruption lasts Qualitative description terms
34
Plate tectonics
A theory explaining the movement of the Earth's lithosphere, which is divided into tectonic plates that move over the asthenosphere.
35
Subduction zone
A convergent plate boundary where an oceanic plate is forced beneath another plate, often forming trenches and volcanic arcs.
36
Benioff Zone
The area of seismic activity corresponding with the slab being subducted into the mantle, where earthquakes are generated by friction.
37
Paleomagnetism
The study of past magnetic fields recorded in rocks, used as evidence for plate movement and seafloor spreading.
38
Magnitude
A measurement of the energy released by an earthquake, commonly recorded using the Moment Magnitude Scale (Mw).
39
Liquefaction
A hazard during earthquakes where water-saturated soils temporarily lose strength and behave like a liquid, causing building collapse.
40
Disaster Risk equation
A formula used to understand risk: Risk = Hazard × Vulnerability ÷ Capacity to Cope. It helps assess why some areas are more vulnerable.
41
what is a Lahar?
a secondary volcanic hazard, rainfall mixes with ash to create a torrent of ashy water
42
What is a jökulhlaup?
a secondary volcanic hazard, volcanic activity melts the glacier and causes large floods of water
43
what is a tephra?
mixture of volcanic debris that blast in the air during an eruption
44
what are four primary volcanic hazards
lava flows, pyroclastic flows, ash fall, gas eruption
45
what were the hazards with the monserrat eruption in 1995?
emptied huge clouds of ash, pyroclastic flows
46
what were the impacts of the monserrat eruption in 1995
social: Dozens lost their lives, over half of the islands residents moved to other countries Environmental: ash covered the island, destroying farmland and made the settlements inhabitable Economic: Unemployment figures rose, younger people no longer saw a future on the island
47
What were the hazards of the fyjafjallajökull eruption in 2010
subglacial explosive eruption started beneath the caldera generating a high plume of lava
48
what were the impacts of the fyjafjallajökull eruption in 2010
social: people were evacuated from nearby towns, 10 million passengers were stranded and unable to board flights environmental: damage to the ring road caused by the flood economic: european economy lost $5 billion due to airports being closed
49
why do tsunami waves get bigger in shallower water?
friction of the base of the waves slows them down, shortening the wavelength and allowing them to build in height
50
how come tsunamis form?
they are created by water column displacement, mostly by undersea plate movements
51
what caused the Japan tsunami?
An earthquake off Japans main island. the pacific and Asian plates locked together
52
what were the impacts of the Japan tsunami?
over 15,000 people were killed and many were injured or displaced, it triggered the nucleur disaster of the fukushima Daiichi power plant
53
how was the Japan tsunami managed?
early warning system, search and rescue, reconstruction
54
what were the secondary impacts of the boxing day tsunami?
outbreak of cholera, farms were destroyed, homelessness, buildings swept away
55
how many people died in the boxing day tsunami and the Japan tsunami?
Boxing day - 227,898 people Japan - 18,500 - 20,000 people
56
what is Spearmans rank correlation coefficient?
a statistical method used to measure the strenght and direction of the relationship between two sets of data
57
What is a natural hazard?
a naturally occuring process or event that has the potential to affect people
58
what is a natural disaster?
a major natural hazard event that can cause significant social, economic and or environmental damage
58
what is a mega-disaster?
a natural disaster that reaches catastrophic proportions
59
what is vulnerability when referring to natural hazards?
the potential to be harmed by natural hazards
60
what is resiliance when referring to natural hazards
the ability to protect lives, livelihoods and infrastructure from destruction. and to restore areas after a natural hazard has occurred
61

Atonement quotes (5 decks)

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