Temple LEA Flashcards
(21 cards)
Embryology: At what week does the limb bud appear?
Week 4
Embryology: During which week of gestation do limb buds flatten?
Week 5
Embryology: At what week do the lower limb buds undergo their first rotation?
Week 6
In this first rotation, limbs move horizontally from the coronal to sagittal plane with soles of feet facing each other. Second rotation occurs in the following weeks.
Embryology: During which week of gestation do the lower limbs undergo their second rotation?
Week 7-8
Limb buds internally rotate 90 degrees so that the knees and extensor compartment of the leg face anteriorly.
In contrast, the upper limbs externally rotate 90 degrees.
Embryology: What is meant by by “pre-axial” and “post-axial”?
Pre-axial: developmentally ventral muscles or the anterior condensation of mesoderm. Innervated by anterior divisions of ventral rami.
Post-axial: developmentally dorsal muscles or the posterior condensation of mesoderm. Innervated by posterior divisions of ventral rami.
Embryology: What two embryological tissues make up the limbs? What do they each give rise to?
Mesoderm: gives rise to bones, ligaments, tendon and dermis.
Ectoderm: gives rise to nerves, epidermis, nails, hair, and apical ectodermal ridge
Embryology: Failure of apoptosis between toe rays during limb bud development leads to what congenital condition?
Syndactyly
Embryology: By week 8 of gestation, the foot is in what position?
Plantarflexed and adducted (or the equines-supinated position)
Embryology: All bones of the lower limb form from ______ precursors.
Cartilaginous
This process is known as endochondral ossification.
Embryology: What are the developmentally ventral muscle compartments of the hip and thigh?
Posterior and medial muscle compartments.
(hamstrings and aDductors)
Remember: vEntral = prE-axial
Embryology: What are the developmentally dorsal muscle compartments of the hip and thigh?
Anterior and lateral muscle compartments.
(quadriceps and aBductors)
Remember: dOrsal = pOst-axial
Embryology: What are the developmentally ventral muscle compartments of the leg and foot?
Posterior (superficial and deep) muscle compartments of the leg.
Plantar intrinsic muscles of the foot.
Embryology: What are the developmentally dorsal muscle compartments of the leg and foot?
Anterior and lateral muscle compartments of the leg.
Dorsal intrinsic muscles of the foot.
Embryology: Pre-axial muscles are innervated by which divisions of ventral rami?
Anterior division
Embryology: Post-axial muscles are inverted by which division of ventral rami?
Posterior division
Embryology: Hip and thigh muscles that are developmentally ventral rise from what two skeletal landmarks?
Ischium and Pubis
Embryology: name the anterior divisions of the lumbar and sacral plexuses.
Lumbar: obturator n., accessory obturator n.
Sacral: tibial n., N. to quadratus femoris, N. to obturator internus, pudendal n, posterior femoral cutaneous n.
These nerves innervate pre-axial muscle groups.
Embryology: Hip and thigh muscles that are developmentally dorsal arise from what two skeletal landmarks?
Vertebral column and Ilium
Embryology: Name the posterior division of the lumbar and sacral plexuses.
Lumbar: lateral femoral cutaneous n., femoral n.
Sacral: superior gluteal n., inferior gluteal n., common perineal n., posterior femoral cutaneous n.
These nerves innervate post-axial muscle groups.
Embryology: What muscles, due to their innervations, have both developmentally ventral and dorsal components?
Biceps femoris: long head (tibial n.); short head (common peroneal n.)
Pectineus: femoral n. and obturator n.
Embryology: A club foot deformity, seen in about 1/1000 births, is characterized by a foot in what position related to the three cardinal planes?
- Plantarflexed/equinus (sagittal)
- Adducted (transverse plane)
- Inverted/varus (frontal plane)
