Tenses, moods, aspect, voice, person

Question 1

article

Answer 1

the/a/an

a word that is used with a noun (as a standalone word or a prefix or suffix) to specify grammatical definiteness of the noun

types:
Definite
Indefinite
Proper
Partitive
Negative
Zero

Question 2

Article, definite

Answer 2

used to refer to a particular member of a group or class.

“THE children (specific) know the fast way home,” as opposed to “Children (general) know the fast way home.”

le, la, les

group or class

Question 3

article, Indefinite

Answer 3

indicates that the article’s noun is not a particular one identifiable to the listener

un, une, des

Question 4

article, negative

Answer 4

specifies none of its noun, and can thus be regarded as neither definite nor indefinite.

un, une become de, d’ in negative sentences after “ne… pas…”

«Il a une voiture.» - «Non, il n’a pas de voiture!»

ATTENTION:
This rule does NOT apply to sentences using the verb être, with which the indefinite article doesn’t change:

«Mon chien n’est pas un labrador.»

EXCEPTION:
When you want to emphasise the meaning of ONE (un/une) - not just a/an - as in He doesn’t have ONE car, but TWO, you will keep un/une in the negative sentence - but here it doesn’t mean no/any:

«Ils n’ont pas une maison, mais deux !»

——————————
partitive articles (du, de la, de l', des) in affirmative sentence become simply de or d’ in negative sentences.

Je mange des pommes. - Je ne mange pas de pommes.
I eat apples. - I don’t eat any apples.

Je bois du lait. - Je ne bois pas de lait.
I drink milk. - I don’t drink any milk.

J’ai des animaux. - Je n’ai pas d’animaux.
I’ve got (some) animals. -Me, I don’t have any animals.

Nous avons bu de la bière. - Nous n’avons pas bu de bière.
We drank beer. - We didn’t drink any beer.

Vous mangez de la viande ? - Non, nous ne mangeons jamais de viande.
Do you eat meat? - No, we never eat meat.

Tu fais encore de la natation ? - Non, je ne fais plus de natation.
Do you still go swimming? - No, I don’t go swimming anymore.

Notice that du, de la, de l’, & des all become de or d’ (in front of a vowel or mute h) in negative sentences using ne…pas, ne…jamais, ne…plus

Question 5

article, Parative

Answer 5

used to indicate an indefinite portion of something uncountable, or an indefinite number of something countable

Often translated as ‘some,’ but frequently simply omitted in English.

du, de la, de l’, des

Like the indefinite article, the partitive article becomes de (or d’ if before a vowel) after a negative verb other than être and before a plural noun preceded by an adjective: « Il prend de l’eau » (“He takes some water”)

Question 6

Aspect

Answer 6

Describes HOW and action, event, or state, denoted by a verbs, extends over time.

Examples: perfect/preterite, imperfect, continuous/progressive, habitual

Question 7

Clause

Answer 7

a unit of grammatical organization said to consist of a subject and predicate.

In grammar, a clause is the smallest grammatical unit that can express a complete proposition.

“Mike (subject) went home (predicate)”

Question 8

Conditional (mood)

Answer 8

Conditionnel

would/could/uncertainty/

Question 9

Demonstratives

Answer 9

Demonstratives show where an object, event, or person is in relation to the speaker.

Question 10

Demonstrative ADJECTIVES

Answer 10

Demonstrative adjectives are used to indicate a specific noun or nouns.

                    M    B4Vowel  Fem this, that         ce    cet           cette these,those    ces  ces           ces

To clarify proximity, you can add an ending

• ci = “this” or “these”
• là = “that” or “those”

Question 11

Demonstrative PRONOUNS

Answer 11

Replace a specific noun that was mentioned previously.

                                         M      F this/that one                    celui   celle these/those/the ones     ceux   celles

####################
F: C’est une bonne idée, et j’aime celle de Paul aussi.
E: That’s a good idea, and I like Paul’s too (literally, “the one of Paul”)
####################
F: Pour ceux qui sont dans le besoin
E: For the needy (literally, “for those who are in need”)
####################

Question 12

Determiner

Answer 12

a word, phrase, or affix that occurs together with a noun or noun phrase and serves to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context. That is, a determiner may indicate whether the noun is referring to a definite or indefinite element of a class, to a closer or more distant element, to an element belonging to a specified person or thing, to a particular number or quantity, etc.

This, that
My, their
Many, few
each, any
which

Question 13

determiner, demonstrative

Answer 13

This or that.

ce, cette, ces

To be MORE precise (or to avoid ambiguity), -ci or -là can be inserted after the noun:

cet homme-ci “this man”
cet homme-là “that man”

Question 14

determiner, interrogative

Answer 14

Which or what

quel, quelle
quels, quelles

NOTE:
Quel can be used as an exclamation.

« Quel film ! » (What a movie!)
« Quelle gentillesse ! » (What kindness!)

“interrogative” has same root as interrogate, which means to ask a question.

Question 15

determiner, possessive

Answer 15

used to indicate the possessor of the noun they determine.

Mon, ma, mes
notre, nos
ton, ta, tes
votre, vos
Son, sa, ses
leur, leurs

Question 16

determiner, quantifier

Answer 16

a determiner that quantifies its noun, like English “some” and “many”.

In French, most quantifiers are formed using a noun or adverb of quantity and the preposition de (d’ when before a vowel).

Quantifiers formed with a noun of quantity and the preposition de include the following:

• des tas de (“lots of”, lit: “piles of”)
• trois kilogrammes de (“three kilograms of”)
• une bouchée de (“a mouthful of”)
• une douzaine de (“a dozen (of)”)

Quantifiers formed with an adverb of quantity and the preposition de include the following:

• beaucoup de (“a lot of”)
• un peu de (“a little,” “a few”)
• peu de (“little,” “few”)
• assez de, suffisamment de (“enough of”)
• pas de (“no,” “not any”)

Other quantifiers include:

• bien + the partitive article (“much” or “many”)
• quelque(s) (“some”)

Question 17

Future perfect

Answer 17

le futur antérieur

“I/you/he/she/we WILL have…”

Question 18

future simple

Answer 18

le futur simple

“I/he/she/you/they WILL…”

I will….

Question 19

Imparative (mood)

Answer 19

L’impératif

Commands or orders.

Question 20

Indicative (mood)

Answer 20

L’indicatif

Basically ‘no mood,’ or the standard conjugation of the verb (past, present, and future)

Question 21

Infinitive

Answer 21

Infinitif

Unconjugated verb form

From latin ‘infinitus’ meaning ‘infinite’ or ‘unlimited’

Question 22

Mood vs Tense

Answer 22

Grammatical mood reflects a speaker’s attitude toward a statement.

Mood describes HOW and action takes place, not when.

statement.

Question 23

Object

Answer 23

The entity acted upon by the subject

(actor) of the verb.

Question 24

Participle

Answer 24

-ING verbs.

A word having aspects of both a
verb and an adjective.

eg) working (i am working, i am a working man)

From latin ‘participium’ meaning ‘sharing’
verb and an a

Question 25

Past imperfect

Answer 25

l’imparfait

Past actions which occurred regularly or which where ongoing.

From latin “not ‘perfectum’ “ or ‘not completed’

Question 26

Past participle

Answer 26

Participe passé

Verb conjugation used in compound verbs, passive voice, and adjectives.

Broken, completed, etc.

Question 27

Past perfect

Answer 27

Plus-que-parfait. Pluperfect.

HAD +
AVOIR or ÊTRE +

(perfect from latin ‘perfectum’ meaning ‘completed’)

Question 28

Predicate

Answer 28

the part of a sentence or clause containing a verb and stating something about the subject

(e.g., ‘WENT HONE’ in “John went home” ).

Question 29

Preposition

Answer 29

Prepositions indicate relationships between other words in a sentence.

ORIGIN: ‘of’
INTENT: ‘for’ ‘into’

Many prepositions tell you where something is or when something happened.

TIME: ‘since’
LOCATION: ‘at’
SPACE: ‘under’

at, in: à, à+le = au, à+les = aux

after: après
before: avant
with: avec
against: contre

in(side): dans

of/from: de, de+le=du, de+les=des

since/from: depuis

behind: derrière

in front of: devant

in: en

between/among: entre

towards: envers (as in nice toward someone) vers is for movement

approximately/roughly: environ

by/through: par

during: pendant
for: pour
without: sans
except: sauf

depending on/according to: selon

under(neath): sous

on: sur
toward: vers

Question 30

past preterite

Answer 30

Passé simple. Simple past tense.

From latin PRAETER, meaning past or beyond
Fr

Question 31

Reflexive verb

Answer 31

a verb whose direct object (the enitiy acted upon) is the same as its subject (the word/thing which controls the verb).

Question 33

Subject

Answer 33

The word/thing controling the verb.

Question 34

Subjunctive (mood)

Answer 34

Describes a wish, possibility, judgement, opinion, obligation, or uncertainty.

Subjective situations/opinions, not
for objective facts.

In contrasts with the indicative mood, which is the standard mood (he walks, they run, etc.)

From larin ‘subiunctivus’ meaning ‘serving to join’ or ‘connection’ the hypothetical with the real.

for objective facts.

Question 34

Voice

Answer 34

Grammatical voice describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.)

Examples: passive voice, active voice