Tenta Antti-ord Flashcards
(40 cards)
Characteristics of science
there are 7: Testability Falsifiability Scientific publishing and public criticism Peer review Self-critical attitude No absolute authority Self correction
Testability
Any statement put forward in science must be intersubjectively testable.
Falsifiability
A theory that can explain all imaginable observation is not a scientific theory.
Scientific publishing and public criticism
In science, whoever puts forward a statement about some aspect of reality, has the burden of proof to produce convincing evidence to back it up. The strictly controlled evaluation and publishing of new scientific ideas or findings.
peer review
The quality control system of scientific publishing
Self-critical attitude
Every scientist should be equally critical towards their own pet theories as they are towards competing theories supported by others.
No absolute authorities
No person and no authority is above criticism in science.
Self-correction
Science is a self-critical open belief system. In constant process of change.
Philosophy of science
The science of science, what science tells us about reality. Appearance (what we see) vs reality (what it really is).
Scientific Realism
A philosophy of science that tries to answer the questions: “What is science?” and “What does science tell us about reality?”
Naive realism
Reality = appenence
trepanation
Drilling a hole in the skull
atonism
The brain can be divided into anatomically (structure) and physiologically (function) defined parts.
Holism
The brain cannot be divided into parts it constitutes one unified network without any clearly defined parts.
The cell theory
Living organisms are made up of cells (Schwann). All material objects – atomic constituents. All living tissue – cellular elements as discrete units. But neural tissue – looks like a tangled net in the microscope.
The reticular theory
Neural tissue is a vast physically continuous network.
The neuron theory
Neurons are individual cells
Functional Localizationism
Localizationism and anti-localizationism. That are both partially correct.
Localizationism
Mental functions can be localized into different parts of the brain. The brain is a collection of specialized “mental organs”.
Anti-localizationism
Different mental functions cannot be localized in different parts of the brain. All of the brain participants in all kinds of mental function, and each mental function activates the whole brain.
Cartesian dualism
The soul is beyond science, it belongs in religion
phrenology
(Frantz Joseph Gall) The mind is a biological phenomenon that can be studied empirically. Denial of dualism, atomism, functional localization, individual differences. Psychology is a part of science not a part of philosophy. Questionable ideas in phrenology: “The size and mass of brain tissue directly correlates with the strength of a mental capacity.” This led to pseudoscience arguments for racism and nationalism, etc.
Lesion localizations
To localize damage in the brain
Wernicke’s aphasic
People with damage on a specific area of the temporal lobe made it so that even though they could speak fluently, what they said did not make much sense
