Teratogens & Pharyngeal arches

Question 1

what nerve is associated with the 6th pharygeal arch?

Answer 1

recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus (X)

Question 2

what nerve is associated with the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

Answer 2

facial (VII)

Question 3

what nerve is associated with 1st pharyngeal arch?

Answer 3

trigeminal (V)

Question 4

what nerve is associated with the 3rd pharyngeal arch?

Answer 4

glossopharyngeal (IX)

Question 5

alcohol (4)

Answer 5

FAS - intellectual disability, microcephaly, facial abnormalities, heart defects (severe)

Question 6

2nd pharyngeal pouch gives rise to

Answer 6

epithelium of palatine tonsil crypts

Question 7

vitamin A excess (2)

Answer 7

spontaneous abortion

cleft palate/lip

Question 8

what vessels do the sixth aortic arch contribute to?

Answer 8

pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus

Question 9

isotretoin

Answer 9

multiple severe birth defects

Question 11

3rd pharyngeal pouch gives rise to

Answer 11

inferior parathyroid glands

thymus

Question 12

the 1st pharyngeal groove becomes

Answer 12

epithelium of the external ear canal

Question 13

warfarin (4)

Answer 13

bone deformity

foetal haemorrhage

opthalmic abnormality

spontaneous abortion

Question 14

what vessels do the fourth aortic arch contribute to?

Answer 14

true aortic arch and subclavian arteries

Question 15

methotrexate/trimethoprim

Answer 15

neural tube defects

Question 16

ACE inhibitors

Answer 16

renal damage

Question 17

smoking (3)

Answer 17

• SIDS
• preterm labour
• IUGR
• Nicotine - vasoconstriction, CO - impaired oxygen delivery

Question 18

antiepileptics (3)

Answer 18

neural tube defects

cardiac defects

cleft palate

Question 19

x-ray/radiation exposure (2)

Answer 19

microcephaly

intellectual disability

Question 20

methimazole (carbimazole)

Answer 20

aplasia cutis congenita

Question 21

tetracycline (2)

Answer 21

tooth discolouration inhibited bone growth

Question 22

alkylating agents

Answer 22

absence of digits

Question 23

the 1st pharyngeal membrane becomes?

Answer 23

tympanic membrane

Question 24

aminoglycosides

Answer 24

ototoxicity

Question 25

methylmercury (swordfish, shark, tilefish, mackerel)

Answer 25

neurotoxic

Question 26

4th pharyngeal pouch gives rise to

Answer 26

superior parathyroid glands ultimobranchial body

Question 27

diethystilbestrol (2)

Answer 27

vaginal clear cell carcinoma Mullerian duct abnormalities

Question 28

what does the third aortic arch give rise to?

Answer 28

common carotids proximal internal carotids

Question 29

1st pharyngeal pouch gives rise to

Answer 29

epithelium of middle ear and auditory tube

Question 30

what nerve is associated with the 4th pharyngeal arch?

Answer 30

superior laryngeal nerve of vagus (X)

Question 31

iodine (lack or excess)

Answer 31

cretinism

Question 32

GDM/maternal diabetes (4)

Answer 32

cudal regression syndrome (anal atresia) congenital heart defects (VSD, TOGA, AS) NTDs macrosomia, neonatal hypoglycaemia

Question 33

cocaine (3)

Answer 33

IUGR, abruption, preterm labour

Question 34

lithium

Answer 34

Epstein anomaly - apical displacement of the tricuspid valve