Term 1 Flashcards
(327 cards)
1
Q
What is the origin of the pectoralis major
A
- Medial third of clavicle
- Sternum
- Costal cartilages
2
Q
What are the four vertical lines of the chest wall called?
A
- Mid-clavicular
- Anterior auxiliary
- Mid auxiliary
- Posterior auxiliary
3
Q
What is the insertion f the pectoralis major?
A
Humerus
4
Q
What is the origin and insertion of a muscle
A
The origin is the fixed attachment of the muscle, where the muscle starts. The insertion will move with the contraction and is where the muscle ends
5
Q
What is the innervation of the pectoralis major?
A
Medial and lateral pectoral nerves
6
Q
What is the action of pectoralis major?
A
Abduction and medial rotation of the humerus at the shoulder
7
Q
What is the origin of the pectoralis minor
A
Ribs 3-5
8
Q
What is the insertion of the pectoralis minor?
A
The coracoid process of the scapula
9
Q
What is the innervation of pectoralis minor?
A
Medial pectoral nerve
10
Q
What is the action pectoralis minor?
A
Protraction go the shoulder
11
Q
What is the origin of serrated anterior
A
Upper 8 ribs
12
Q
What is the insertion of serrated anterior
A
Costal surface of the scapula
13
Q
What is the innervation of serratus anterior
A
Long thoracic nerve
14
Q
What is the action of serratus anterior
A
Protraction of the scapula
15
Q
What is the function of the lungs?
A
Oxygenates blood by bringing insured air into contract with O2 poor blood in the pulmonary capillaries
16
Q
What is the innervation of the intercostal muscles?
A
The intercostal nerves
17
Q
What does the internal thoracic artery branch into?
A
- Musculophrenic - supplies the diaphragm
2. Superior epigastric arteries - supplies the front of the abdomen
18
Q
What is the pleural cavity?
A
A potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura
19
Q
Name 2 function of the serous fluid within the pleural cavity
A
- Lubricates the pleura
2. Creates a surface tension helping the lungs to expand on inspiration
20
Q
Name the four main structures found at the hilum of the lung
A
- Pulmonary artery x1
- Bronchus x1
- Pulmonary vein x2
21
Q
What branch foes the right main bronchus give off outside of the right lung?
A
Superior lobar bronchus
22
Q
What other smaller vessels are found at the hilum of the lung?
A
- Bronchial arteries
- Pulmonary plexus of autonomic nerves
- Lymph nodes
23
Q
Which lung are inhaled bodies more likely to be found in and why?
A
The right lung. The right main bronchus is shorter and more vertical.
24
Q
How many lobes does the right lung have and what are they called?
A
3 - superior, middle, inferior
25
How many lobes does the left lung have and what are they called?
2 - superior and inferior
26
What is the fissure in the left lung called?
Oblique - lies along the 6th rib
27
What are the fissures in the right lung called?
Horizontal, (extends from the mid-auxiliary line anteriorly along the 4th rib) and oblique (lies along the 6th rib)
28
Name the 3 surfaces of the lungs
1. Costal
2. Mediastinal
3. Diaphragmatic
29
Name the 3 borders of the lungs
1. Anterior
2. Posterior
3. Inferior
30
Describe the innervation of the lungs
1. Parasympathetic innervation derived from the vagus nerve
2. Sympathetic innervation derived from sympathetic trunks
3. Visceral afferents - conducts pain impulses to sensory ganglion
31
What is the action of parasympathetic innervation in the lung?
Bronchoconstriction and vasodilation of pulmonary vessels
32
What is the action of sympathetic innervation in the lung?
Bronchodilation and vasoconstriction of vessels that are poorly ventilated
33
What is th surface marking for the apex of the lung?
2 finger breadths (3cm) above the medial clavicle in the neck
34
What are to surface markings of the lower border of the lung?
6th rib anteriorly, 8th rib in the mid-auxiliary line and 10th rib posteriorly
35
What are the surface marking for the lower border of the pleural cavity?
8th rib anteriorly, 10th rib in the mid-auxiliary line and 12th rib posteriorly
36
What are the 3 branches of the aorta?
1. Brachocephalic trunk
2. Left common carotid artery
3. Left subclavian artery
37
What are the branches of the braciocephalic trunk?
Right common carotid
| Right subclavian
38
What is the ligament arteriosum a remnant of and what was its function in the foetus
Remnant of the ductus arteriosum.
| It’s function was to shunt blood between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta to bypass the non-functioning lungs
39
What branch does the left vagus nerve give off as it crosses the arch of aorta
The left recurrent laryngeal nerve
40
Briefly describe the anatomical course of the right phrenic nerve?
Lies on large veins (braciocephalic, SVC) and along the right side of the heart. Crosses in front of root of the lung
41
Briefly describe the anatomical course of the left phrenic nerve
Crosses the arch of aorta and descends in front of the root of the lung
42
What spinal roots in the phrenic nerve derived from
C3, 4 and 5 - cervical plexus
43
What does the phrenic nerve supply
Motor innervation to the diaphragm.
| Sensory innervation to the pleura, peritoneum and pericardium
44
Briefly describe the anatomical course of the left vagus nerve
Crosses the aorta and behind the root of the lung. Breaks up into branches on the oesophagus and leaves the thorax as the anterior gastric nerve
45
Briefly describe the anatomical course of the right vagus nerve
Lies on the trachea and crosses behind the root of the lung. Breaks up into branches on the oesophagus and leaves the thorax as the posterior gastric nerve
46
Does the phrenic nerve enter the diaphragm? If so where?
Yes. It pierces the central tendon of the diaphragm alongside the IVC on the right (T8)
47
Does the vagus nerve enter the diaphragm? If so, where?
Yes. Through the oesophageal hiatus (T10)
48
What are the layers of the pericardium?
1. Outer fibrous layer
2. Parietal serous layer
3. Visceral serous layer
49
What structures form the left border of the heart?
1. Left pulmonary artery
2. Left auricular appendage
3. Left ventricle
50
What is the surface marking for the apex of the heart
5th intercostal space in the mid-clavicular line
51
What forms the right border of the heart
The right sternal edge
52
On what aspect of the hearty would you find the left atrium
The posterior aspect. It is closely related to the oesophagus
53
Where is the RCA found?
In the atrio-ventricular sulcus
54
Name the 3 main branches of the RCA
1. Sino-atrial nodal branch
2. Right marginal branch
3. Posterior inter-ventricular branch
55
In 90% of hearts where does the posterior inter-ventricular artery arise from?
RCA
56
In 30% of hearts where does the posterior inter-ventricular artery arise fro,?
The circumflex artery
57
In 20% of hearts where does the posterior inter-ventricular artery arise from?
The RCA and the circumflex artery
58
Name the 2 branches of the LCA
1. Circumflex
| 2. Left anterior descending
59
In what sulcus does the circumflex artery lie? What other large vessel can be found here?
Left Astro-ventricular sulcus
| The coronary sinus can also be found here. It passes posterior and drains into the RA
60
Where is the SAN locates
The upper aspect of the Christa terminalis in the RA
61
Where is the AVN located
Inter-atrial septum
62
Name the artery that supplies
A - the SAN
B - the AVN
A - sink-atrial nodal branch of the RCA
| B - posterior inter-ventricular branch, usually RCA
63
At what’s phase of the cardia cycle do the coronary arteries fill?
Diastole, when the ventricles are relaxed
64
What 2 spaces does the crista terminalis divide in the RA
It divides the smooth walled atrium from the trabeculated auricle - ridges = musculi pecanti
65
What is th fossa ovalis a remnant of
The foramen ovale, in the foetus the foramen ovaries shunted the blood from the RA to the LA so as to bypass the lungs
66
In the ventricles, what are the chordate tendinae attached to?
The valves, mitral or tricuspid, and the papillary muscles
67
How doe the mitral and tricuspid valves work
They open passively when the atria contract and then close afterwards to prevent back flow. The papillary muscles and chordae tendinae work to keep the valves closed during the ventricular contraction
68
How do the atrial and pulmonary valves work?
They open passively when the ventricles contract. Towards the end of systole they close to prevent the back flow of blood. The pressure of blood on the valves keeps the closed
69
How would you know if the atrial and pulmonary valves were incompetent
You would get regurgitation of blood into the ventricles, heard as a diastolic murmur
70
Where can you hear the pulmonary valve?
Left of the sternum, 2nd intercostal space
71
Where can you hear the aortic valve
Right of the sternum, 2nd intercostal space
72
What is the midline connection called of the two lateral thryoid gland lobes?
Isthmus
73
What tracheal rings does the isthmus of the thyroid gland lie in front of
2nd, 3rd, 4th
74
Where do the thyroid gland arteries arise from
1. Superior thyroid artery - external carotid artery
| 2. Inferior thyroid artery - thr yo cervical trunk, a branch of subclavian
75
What vessels are contained within the carotid sheath
1. Carotid artery
2. Jugular vein
3. Vagus nerve
76
What is the origin of sternocleidomastoid
The manubrium of the sternum and the clavicle
77
What is the insertion of sternoclediomastoid
Mastoid process
78
What nerves are related to the superior thyroid arteries?
The external laryngeal arteries
79
What nerves are related to the inferior thyroid arteries?
The recurrent laryngeal nerve crosses the inferior thyroid artery
80
How man parathyroid glands are there
4
81
Where are the parathyroid glands located
Posterior surface of thyroid glands
82
How are the parathyroid glands developed
From the pharyngeal pouches
83
Name 3 functions of larynx
1. Phonation
2. Cough reflex
3. Protection of the lower respiratory tract
84
What is the epithelium of the vocal cords and why?
Stratified squamous, more robust and can withstand vibrations and wear and tear
85
What is the blood supply to the larynx
Superior and inferior laryngeal arteries, branches of thyroid
86
What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply?
Motor innervation to intricinsic muscles of the larynx, except cricothryoid
87
What does the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve supply
Sensory innervation to larngopharynx and larynx
88
What does the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve supply
Motor innervation to the cricothryoid muscle
89
Name the 3 unpaired cartilages in the larynx
1. Epiglottis - elastic
2. Thyroid - hyaline
3. Cricoid - hyaline
90
What do the two sheets of the thyroid form in the midline
Laryngeal prominences, Addams apple
91
What do the inferior horns of the thyroid cartilage articulate with?
They form a synovial joint with the cricoid cartilage
92
What do the superior horns of the thyroid cartilage articulate with
Hyoid bone
93
What vertebral level is the inferior border of the larynx at
C6
94
Name the 3 paired cartilages in the larynx
1. Arytenoid
2. Cuneiform
3. Corniculate
95
What do the artenoid cartilage articulate with?
The base articulates with the cricoid cartilage and the apex articulates with the corniculate cartilages
96
Where are the cuneiform cartilages located?
Within the ary-epiglottic folds, they strengthen the folds
97
What is the space between the vocal cords called?
Roma glottidis
98
What is the superior vestibular folds also know as
False vocal cords
99
What are the intrinsic muscles of the pharynx
The suprahyoids, infrahyoids, stylopharngeus
100
What is the function of the extrinsic muscles of the larynx
They move the larynx superiorly and inferiorly during swallowing
101
Name the 4 infrahyoids muscles
1. Omohyoid - scapula to hyoid
2. Sternohyoid - sternum to hyoid
3. Sternothyroid - sternum to thyroid
4. Thryohyoid - thyroid to hyoid
102
What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx
They control the shape of the rims glottidis, and the length and tension of the vocal cords
103
What is the innervation of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
104
What intrinsic laryngeal muscle is not innervation by the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Cricothryoid
105
What is the innervation of the cricothryoid muscle
External branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
106
What is the function of the cricothryoid muscles
Stretches and tenses the vocal cords. Important for the creation of speech
107
What is the function of the thyroartenoid muscles
Relaxes the vocal ligaments, allowing for a softer voice
108
What is the function of the posterior cricoaryetnoid muscles
Abduction of the vocal cords, the only muscles capable of widening the rima glottidis
109
What is the function of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles
Abduction of the vocal cords, narrow the rima glottidis
110
What is the function of the transverse arytenoid muscles
Abduction of the arytenoid cartilages, narrows the laryngeal inlet
111
What nerve passes through the parotid gland
Facial nerve - Cn 7
112
What are the five branches of the Cn 7
1. Temporal
2. Zygomatic
3. Buccal
4. Mandibular
5. Cervical
113
Where does the pharynx extend from and to
The base of the skull to the cricoid cartilage
114
What are the three sections of the pharynx called
1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx
115
What is the function of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles
They contract sequentially to propel food into the oesophagus
116
What is the origin of the superior constrictor
Pteriogoid plate and pterygomandibular raphe
117
What is the origin of the middle constrictor
Hyoid bone
118
What is the origin of the inferior constrictor
Thyroid and cricoid cartilages
119
What is the innervation of the pharyngeal constrictors
The pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve
120
What is the function of the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles
They shorten and widen the pharynx, they also elevate the pharynx during swallowing
121
What are the 3 longtiudinal pharyngeal muscles called
1. Stylopharyngeus
2. Salpingopharyngeus
3. Palatopharngeus
122
What is the origin of the stylopharyngeus and what is its innervation
Origin - styloid process of the temporal bone
| Innervation - glossopharyngeal, Cn 9
123
What is killians dehiscence
Weakest part of the pharyngeal wall, located infeirorly in the midline. It is the commonest site for a pharyngeal diverticulum
124
What vessels are found in the carotid sheath
1. Common carotid artery
2. Vagus nerve
3. Internal jugular nerve
125
Where is the carotid sinus located
At the bifurcation of the common carotid artery
126
Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve exit the cranial cavity
Through the jugular foramen
127
What nerve supplies sensory and taste innervation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
The glossopharyngeal nerve
128
What does elevation of the soft palate
It closes the orifice between the nasopharyncx an oropharynx. This occurs during swallowing to prevent food resulting into the nose, it also occurs in phonation
129
What nerve supplies sensory sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Trigeminal nerve, Cn 5
130
What nerve supplies taste sensation to anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Facial nerve, Cn 7
131
What fold bind the tonsilar fossa
Palatoglossal, anterior, palatopharyngeal - posterior
132
What is the function fo the tonsils
The tonsils are a consolidation of lymphoid tissue. They prevent infection by stopping germs entering the mouth and nose
133
Give 4 functions of the nasal cavity
1. Warms and humidifies the air
2. Olfaction
3. Removes and traps the pathogens
4. Drains and clears the para-nasal sinuses
134
What is the function of the nasal conchae
Increase the SA of the nose and disrupt the fast flow of air. Air spends more time in the nasal cavity so it can be humidified
135
What opens into the inferior meatus
Nascocrimal duct
136
What opens into the middle meatus
The frontal, maxillary and anterior ethmoid sinuses open at the hiatus semilunaris. The middle ethmoid sinus opens onto the ethmoidal bulla
137
What opens into the superior meatus
Posterior ethmoid sinus
138
Where does the sphenoid sinuses open into the nasal cavity
At the spheno-ethmoidal recess
139
Why does the nose have a rich vascular supply
This means it can change the humidity and temperature of inspired air
140
What nerve supplies general sensation to the nose
Branches of the trigeminal nerve
141
What vertebral level is the tracheal bifurcation
T4
142
What is the function of the thoracic duct
It drains all the lymph from the lower half of the body and bowel back into the blood stream
143
Where does the thoracic duct drain into
The confluence between the left jugular vein and left subclavian vein
144
Where does the azygous vein drain into
The superior vena cava
145
What are the names of the 3 splanchnic nerves
The greater (T5-9), the lesser (T10-11), the least (T12)
146
What is the function of the splanchnic nerve
They provide the sympathies innervation to the foregut, midgut and hind gut
147
Occlusion of which vessels is most likley to result in a fatal heart attach
The left main coronary artery
148
Which artery provides the main blood supply to the left ventricle
The left anterior descending artery
149
Which vessels is most likley to become occluded without producing any symptoms
Right marginal artery
150
What is stenosis
Narrowing
151
Which artery most frequently supplies the AVN
The right main coronary artery
152
What 2 vertical lines divide the abdomen into its 9 regions
Mid-clavicular lines that extend to the mid-inguinal point
153
What 2 horizontal lines divide the abdomen into its 9 regions
Upper - subcostal - joins the lower costal margins
| Lower - intertubercular - connects the iliac crests
154
How would you draw the transpyloric plane
Half way between the suprasternal notch and the pubic symphysis
155
What vertebral level is the transpyloric plane found
L1
156
Name 5 structure found on the transpyloric plane
1. Pylorus of stomach
2. Fundus of gall bladder
3. Pancreas
4. Hilum of kidneys
5. Duodenojejunal flexure
157
How would you draw the transtubercular plane
Joins the iliac crests of the pelvis
158
What vertebral level is the transtubercular plane found at
L4 - same level at the birfurcation of the abdominal aorta
159
What is the intercristal plane
It joins the highest points of the pelvis at the back
160
What vertebral level is the intercrtislal found at? Why is this important
Between the L4 and L5 verterbrae. This is important for lumbar punctures and epidurals
161
What is the subcostal plane and at what vertebral level does it lie
It joins the lower points of the costal margins and lies at the L2 level
162
What can the subcostal plane, L2, be a marker for
The end of the spinal cord
| The superior mesenteric artery
163
What is McBurney’s point
2/3 of the way along a line extending from the umbilicus to the right andteriuor superior iliac spine
164
What is the significance of McBurney’s point
Marks the base of the appendix and can act as a guide for the location of the caecum
165
Name the 3 flat muscles of their abdominal wall
1. External oblique
2. Internal oblique
3. Transverus abdominis
166
In what direction doe the fibres of the flat muscles of the abdomonis run in
1. External oblique - inferiorly and medially
2. Internal oblique - superiolry and medially
3. Transverus abdominis - transversely
167
What is the origin of external oblique
Lower 8 ribs and thoraco-lumbar fascia
168
What is the insertion of external oblique
Pubic crest, pubic tubercle, iliac crest and linea alba
169
What is the origin of internal oblique
Thoraco-lumbar fascia, iliac crest, lateral 1/2 of the inguinal ligament
170
What is the insertion of internal oblique
Linea alba, pubic tubercle
171
What is the origin of transverus abdominis
Thoraco-lumbar fascia, iliac crestm, lateral 1/3 of the inguinal ligament
172
What is the insertion of transverus abdominis
Linea Alba, pubic tubercle
173
What are the fibrous intersections of the rectus abdominis called
Tendinous intersections
174
What are the attachments of rectus abdominis
Rectus sheath, pubis, costal cartilages
175
Name 5 structures contained within the rectus sheath
1. Rectus abdominis
2. Sup and inf epigastric arteries
3. Sup and inf epigastric veins
4. Nerves
5. Lymphatics
176
What is the inferior epigastric artery and branch of
The external iliac artery
177
What is the internal thoracic artery a branch of, and what does it supply
Branch of subclavian artery and supplies the anterior, chest and abdominal wall and the breast
178
Define dermatone
Area of skin supplies by nerves from a single spinal root
179
What are the dermatones of the front abdominal wall
T7 to L1
180
If a disease process involved the peritoneum of the abdominal wall, then the pain is localised, why is this
The peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall has the same sensory nerve supply as the overlying skin
181
What is the epithelium of the abdominal cavity
Simple squamous epithelium
182
What is the peritoneal cavity
A potential space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum, filled with peritoneal fluid
183
What is a retroperitoneal organ
An organ that only has its anterior surface covered by peritoneum, these organs lie behind the peritoneum
184
Name 6 retroperitoneal organs
Duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, pancreas, oesophagus, kidneys. (DADPOK)
185
What is an intrapertioneal organ
An organ fully covered in visceral peritoneum, it is suspended in the peritoneal cavity
186
Name 6 intraperitoneal organs
Sigmoid colon, appendix, liver, transverse colon, stomach, small intestine. (SALTSS)
187
What connects the lesser sac to the greater sac
There epiploic foramen
188
What does the lesser omen Tim attach to
It extends from the liver and attaches to the lesser curvature of the stomach and first part of the duodenum
189
What is found in the right free border of the lesser omentum
Common bile duct
Hepatic artery
Hepatic portal vein
190
Where is attached to the greater curvature of the stomach
Greater omentum
191
Describe the position and folding of the greater omentum in the peritoneal cavity
It hangs down like and apron and then folds back on itself meaning there are 4 layers. The posterior 2 layers go on to enclose the transverse colon and then form the parietal peritoneum of the posterior abdominal wall
192
What is it called when the peritoneal cavity becomes distended by fluid
Ascites
193
When a patient in a supine, lying down, position, where might fluid collect in the abdomen
In the right retohepatic space
194
What embryological structure forms the liagmentum trees
The umbilical vein
195
Which structure surround the epiploic foramen
Anteriorly - lesser omentum
Posteriorly - IVC
Inferiorly - deuodenum
Superiorly - caudate lobe of liver
196
What connects the jejunum to the posterior abdominal wall
Small intestine mesentery
197
What party’s of the large intestine are intrapertioneal
The transverse and sigmoid colon
198
Define lesser sac
A peritoneal sac that lies posteriorly to the stomach and lesser omentum. It communicates with the greater sac through the epiploic foramen
199
What lies in the free border of the lesser omentum
The hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein and common bile duct
200
Which structure like posteriorly to the stomach
Pancreas, diagram, splenic artery and vein
201
Name 4 main regions of stomach
1. Cardia
2. Fundus
3. Body
4. Pylorus
202
What vertebral levels does the stomach lie between
T7 to L3
203
What are the folds of the internal stomach surface called
Rugae
204
Name the 2 sphincters of the stomach
1. Inferior oesophageal sphincter
| 2. Pyloric sphincter
205
Which sphincter of the stomach is physiological (contains no sphincteric muscle)
The inferior oesophageal sphincter
206
What forces act on the inferior oesophageal sphincter
1. The diaghraphm exerts a pressure on the hiatus
2. The lumen is collapsed in the normal state
3. The oesophageus enters the stomach at a right angle: when the stomach is full this is closed off
207
What is the function of the pyloric sphincter
Controls the exit of chyme from the stomach
208
What vertebral level is the coeliac trunk found
T12
209
Where does the foregut begin and end
The mouth to the 2nd part of the duodenum (major duedeonal papilla)
210
What is the blood supply to the greater curvature of the stomach
The short gastric, and the right and left gastro-epiploic arteries
211
What is the blood supply to the lesser curvature of the stomach
The left and right gastric arteries
212
What is the right gastric artery a branch of
The proper hepatic artery which arises from the common hepatic artery from the coeliac trunk
213
What is the right gastro-epiploic artery a branch of
It is the terminal branch of the gastroduodenal artery, this artery arises from the common hepatic artery which arises from the coeliac trunk
214
What is the left gastro-epiploic artery a branch of
The splenic artery which arises from the coeliac trunk
215
When vein does venous blood from the GI tract, liver and spleen drain into
The hepatic portal vein, goes to the liver
216
What supplies sympathetic innervation to the stomach, foregut
The greater splanchnic nerve, T5-T9
217
What supplies parasympathetic innervation to the stomach, foregut
The vagus nerve, Cn 10
218
Is contraction of th stomach sphincters a sympathetic or parasympathetic action
Sympathetic, (parasympathetic = rest and digest)
219
At what vertebral level does the oesophagus pass through the stomach
T10
220
What structures pass through the diaphragm along side the oesophagus
Vagus nerves and the oesophageal arteries and veins
221
What does the left gastric artery supply
The superior part of the lesser curvature of their stomach
222
What structures lie anterior to the stomach
The anterior abdominal wall and the left lobe of the liver
223
What nerve lies anterior to the abdominal oesophagus and which posterior
Left vagus - anterior
Right vagus - posterior
(LARP)
224
What are the 3 divisions of the small intestine called
1. Duodenum
2. Jejenum
3. Ileum
225
What is the principle function of the small intestine
Digestion and absorption of food
226
What are the folds of mucosa inside the small intestine called
Plicae circulares
227
What are Peyer’s patches
Large, sub-mucosal, lymph nodules
228
Where in the small intestine would you find the Peyer’s patches
Ileum
229
Is the duodenum intraperiotoneal or retroperitoneal
Retroperitoneal
230
The first part of the duodenum is prone to the peptic ulceration. What artery can this affect
The gastric-duodenal artery. This artery lies in direct. Contact with the posterior wall of the first part of the duodenum
231
Would you describe the jejenum and ileum as intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal
Intraperitoneal
232
Which parts of the small intestine can become twisted, resulted in strangulation and ischaemia
Jejenum and ileum
233
Which has a thicker intestinal wall, the jejenum or the ileum
Jejenum
234
Describe the 5 characteristics of the jejenum
1. Thick intestinal wall
2. Longer vasa reta
3. Less arterial arcades
4. Pronounced plicae circulares
5. Red in colour
235
Describe the 5 characteristics of the ileum
1. Thin intestinal wall
2. Shorter vasa recta
3. More arterial arcades
4. Peyer’s patches
5. Pink in colour
236
Where might you find Meckel’s diverticulum
1 metre from the termination of the ileum
237
What is meckel’s doverticulum an embryonic remnant of
The attachment of the mid-gut to the front yolk sac
238
Where does the mid-gut begin and end
3rd part of the duodenum to 2/3 along the transverse colon
239
What is the blood supply to the midgut
Superior mesenteric artery (L1)
240
What is the first branch of the SMA
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
241
Name 3 branches of the SMA
1. Ileo-colic
2. Right colic
3. Middle colic
242
What does the right colic artery supply
The ascending colon
243
What does the middle colic artery supply
The transverse colon
244
Into which vein does blood from the jejenum and ileum drain and what is the final destination of the blood
Drains into the superior mesenteric vein
| This vein combines with the splenic vein to form the hepatic portal vein which then goes on to the liver
245
Which foodstuffs are absorbed through the lymphatic system
Fats
246
What is the innervation of the small intestines
Sympathetic: lesser splanchnic (T10-11)
Parasympathetic: vagus, no somatic innervation
247
Name 4 mechanism that ensure a high surface area for the absorption of nutrients int he intestine
1. Pliae cirularis
2. Coiled length
3. Villi
4. Microvilli
248
What is the main function of the large intestine
Water absorption and the formation of faeces
249
State whether the caecum is intra or retroperitoneal and describe the blood supply and venous drainage
Intraperitoneal
Ileocolic
Ileocolic vein, drains into the superior mesenteric vein
250
State whether the ascending colon is intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal and describe the blood supply and venous drainage
Retroperitoneal
Ileocolic and right colic arteries
Ileocolic and right colic veins
251
State where the transverse colon is intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal and describe the blood supply and venous drainage
Intraperitoneal
Middle colic artery
Superior mesenteric artery
252
State wither the descending colon is intra or retroperitoneal and describe the blood supply and venous drainage
Retroperitoneal
Left colic and superior sigmoid arteries
Inferior mesenteric vein
253
State wither the sigmoid colon is intra or retroperitoneal and describe the blood supply and venous drainage
Intraperitoneal
Sigmoid arteries
Inferior mesenteric vein
254
What si the marginal artery of Drummond
An artery that forms important anastomosis between SMA and IMA. It extends the length of the colon
255
What vertebral level is the inferior mesenteric artery found at
L3
256
Name 3 characteristic features of the large intestine that allow it to be distinguished from other abdominal organs
1. Haustrations
2. Tenia coli
3. Appendices epiploicae
257
What are appendices epiploicae
Small pouches of peritoneum filled with fat. They mark where blood vessels enter the bowel to supply the mucosa
258
What are tenia coli
Three strips of longitudinally running muscle on the outer surface of the large intestine
259
What are haustrations
Sacculations produced from where the tenia coli contract to shorten the wall of the bowel
260
Where does the hind gut begin and end
Distal 1/3 of the transverse colon to the anal canal
261
What is the innervation of the hind gut
Sympathetic - least splanchnic nerve, T12
| Parasympathetic - S2-4, no somatic innervation
262
What artery supplies the descending colon
The left colic artery
263
What is the importance of the marginal artery of Drummon
If there is an occlusion to the IMA, blood can still be supplies to the large intestine via the SMA through this artery
264
Give 4 locations where the distal end of the appendicex may lie
1. In the pouch of Douglas
2. Behind the caecum
3. Behind the umbilicus
4. Below the liver
265
Name the intrapertioneal parts of the large intestine
Caecum, transverse colon, sigmoid colon
266
Give 4 functions of the liver
1. Synthesis of bile
2. Glycogen storage
3. Clotting factor production
4. Detoxification of blood
267
What is th liver and embryological derivative of and in which mesentery does it develop
Derivative of the foregut. Develops in the ventral mesentery
268
What structures lie anterior to the liver
The rib cage and the anterior abdominal wall
269
What structures lie superior to the liver
The diaphragm
270
What structures lie posterior to the live
Oesophagus, stomach, gall bladder, first past of the duodenum, all are foregut derivative organs
271
What aspects of the liver does the diaphragmatic surface refer to
The anterior superior aspects. This surface is smooth and convex
272
What aspects if the liver does the visceral surface refer to
The posterioor inferior aspects, it is moulded by the shape of surrounding organs and so is irregular
273
Name the 3 liver ligaments
1. The falciform
2. The right and left coronary
3. The right and left triangular
274
What is the function of the falciform ligament
To attach the liver to the anterior abdominal wall
275
What is found in the free edge of the falciform ligament
The liagamentum trees, remnant of the umbilical vein
276
What is the fucntion of the coronary and triangular ligaments
They attach the superior surface of the diaphragm to the liver
277
Name the 4 lobes of the liver
1. Right
2. Left
3. Caudate
4. Quadrate
278
What structrures bind the caudate lobe and where is it located
The IVC and a fossa produced by the ligamentum venosum. It is located on the upper aspect of the right lobe on the visceral surface
279
What structures bind the Quadrate lobe and where is it located
The gall bladder and a fossa produced by the ligamentum tree. It is located on the lower aspect of the right lobe on the visceral surface
280
What divides the liver into the right and left lobes
The falciform ligament
281
What vein supplies the liver with deoxygenated blood
The hepatic portal vein
282
What vein supplies the liver with oxygenated blood
The hepatic artery proper
283
What is the function of the gall bladder
A temporary storage for bile
284
What is the storage capacity of the gall bladder
30-50ml
285
What are the three divisions of the gall bladder
Fundus, body, neck. The neck is where the gall bladder tapers and becomes continuous with the cystic duct
286
Briefly describe the biliary tree
Left and right hepatic ducts = common hepatic duct
Common hepatic duct + cystic duct =. Common bile duct
Common bile duct + pancreatic duct = hepatopancreatic ampulla of Vater
287
What is it called where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct meet
The hepatopancreatic ampulla of Vater
288
What is the orifice called where the bile empties into the duodenum
The major duodenal papilla
289
What sphincter regulated the emptying of bile into the duodenum
The sphincter of oddi
290
What artery supplies blood to the gall bladder
The cystic artery
291
Does parasympathetic or sympathetic innervation result in contraction of the gall bladder and the secretion of bile
Parasympathetic
292
What is the arrangement anterior to posterior of the ducts artery and portal vein at the porta hepatis
Anterior: common bile duct, hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein
293
What is Calot’s triangle
An anatomical space bounded by the inferior aspect of the liver superiorly, cystic duct laterally and common hepatic duct medially
294
What is the cystic artery a branch of
The right hepatic artery - hepatic artery proper - common hepatic artery - coeliac trunk
295
Where is the bare area of the liver
Under the tendinous part of the hemi-diaphragm, it has no peritoneal cavity
296
What is the surface marking for the gall bladder
The tip of the 9th costal cartilage, where the lateral rectus sheath joins the costal margin
297
Where do the hepatic veins drain
Into the IVC
298
What are the three major branches of the coeliac trunk
The left gastric, the splenic and the common hepatic
299
What does the left gastric artery supply
The lesser curvature of the stomach and the lower oesophagus
300
What branches does the splenic artery give off
The short gastric arteries
The pancreatic arteries the left gastroeopiploic artery
5 branches just before it reaches the spleen
301
What do the short gastric arteries supply
The greater curvature of the stomach
302
What does the left gastroepiploic artery supply. What does it anastomoses with
It supplies the greater curvature of the stomach. It anastomoses with the right gastroepiplopic artery
303
Name the 2 branches of the common hepatic artery
1. Proper hepatic artery
| 2. Gastroduodenal
304
Name the 2 branches of the gastrodeodenal
1. Right gastroepiploic artery, supplies the greater curvature of the stomach
2. Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery, supplies the head of pancreas
305
Name three branches of the proper hepatic artery
1. Right hepatic artery
2. Left hepatic artery
3. Right gastric artery
306
What does the right gastric artery supply
The lesser curvature of the stomach
307
What is a branch of the right hepatic artery
The cystic artery, supplies the gall bladder
308
Name the 4 divisions of the duodenum
1. Superior
2. Descending
3. Inferior
4. Ascending
309
Where in the duodenum are ulcers most likely, and which artery would they affect
Most likely in the superior duodenum, 1stv part. If the ulcers erode through the posterior wall they may effect the gastroduodenal artery and cause heaemorrhage
310
What does the descending portion of the duodenum lie posteriorly and anteriorly to
Posteriorly to transverse colon, anteriorly to right kidney
311
What vessels lie anteriorly to the inferior part of the duodenum, 3rd part
The superior mesenteric artery and vein
312
Is the duodenum retro or intraperitoneal
The duodenal cap is intraperitoneal but the rest of the duodenum is retroperitoneal
313
Is the pancreas intra or retroperitoneal
The tail is intrapertioneal but the rest of the pancreas is retroperitoneal
314
Name the 5 parts of the pancreas
1. The head
2. The uncinate process
3. The neck
4. The body
5. The tail
315
What does the tail of the pancreas lie in close proximity to
The hilum of the spleen
316
Why can disease of the pancreas spread to adjacent tissues
Because it isn’t contain within a capsule
317
What is the blood supply to the head of the pancreas
The superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
318
What is the superior pancreaticoduoednal a branch of
The gastroduodenal
319
What is the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery a branch of
The SMA
320
What is the bloody supply to the rest of the pancreas
Pancreatic branches of the splenic artery
321
What is the venous drainage of the pancreas
The head drains into the SMV, drains into the hepatic portal vein. The pancreatic veins drain the rest of the pancreas, these drain into the splenic vein.
322
What is the function of the spleen
In an adult it functions mainly as a blood filter, removing old RBCs from circulation
323
Is the spleen intra or retroperitoneal
Intraperitoneal
324
What ligaments of the greater omentum connect the spleen to the stomach and the kidney
Gastrosplenic and splenorenal
325
How far away is the major duodenal papilla from the pylorus of the stomach
5cm
326
What is the embryological significance of the major duodenal papilla
It marks the junction between the foregut and the midgut
327
What is the importance of the plicae circulares
They increase the intestinal SA available for absorption
