Term 1 Flashcards
(51 cards)
Consensus
Involves policymakers working to balance cost and benefits and resolve common problems (ie. Day to day problems). nuts and bolts!
Critical
this approach sees policy as a reflection of power struggles: looks at societal and political dimensions, people are different and see policy differently, power is not equal.
Policy debates are influenced by social class politics and inequalities in influence and power including gender, race, class, disability, etc.
Positivism
Only authentic knowledge is scientific
Strict adherence to the scientific method
Hypothesis is testing and identifying relationships
Structural Functionalism (social theory)
Views society as an organism, a system of parts whose function together creates overall societal effectiveness
Shared norms and values; cooperation
Herd immunity
Interpretevism
understanding the meaning of social phenomena from the perspective of those experiencing it
This theory contrasts with positivism, which seeks to uncover universal laws through objective data and emphasizes empirical evidence.
this is SUBJECTIVE
Critique of positivism
Hermeneutics: how individuals understand themselves through shared systems of meaning
All views considered equally valid
Episteme means…
Knowledge or understanding
Logos
account or argument or reason
Ontology
the study of existence - what exists, what kinds of things exist, and what it means for something to exist
World View
Comprehensive - collection of deeply held beliefs about how we interpret and experience the world
Identification of your worldview indirectly identifies your greatest weakness
A worldview is a set of assumptions about physical and social reality that may have powerful effects on cognition and behavior
Schiff, 1968: cognitive, affective, behavioural
Decision Theory
On any given occasion, a person is guided by beliefs and desires and values
A theory of beliefs, desires and other relevant attitudes and a theory of choice: what matters is how these various attitudes (call them ‘preference attitudes’) meld together
Bias
All people are inherently biased
The concept of implicit bias, also termed unconscious bias, and the related implicit association test rests on the belief that people act on the basis of internalized schemas of which they are unaware and thus can, and often do, engage in discriminatory behaviour without conscious intent.
Ideology
(ex. liberal vs conservative) “A set of beliefs or principles, especially one on which a political system, party or organization is based”
Ideology is an admixture of political and socio-economic beliefs, values and symbolism that provides explanatory coherence
Define Buse’s Version of Policy
Broad statement of the goals, objectives, and means that create the framework for activity. Often takes the form of explicit written documents, but may also be implicit or unwritten
least well of people find it ___x harder to get the healthcare they need
3x
What are the policy goals
Security, Liberty, Equity, Efficiency
Policy Analysis Triangle
(what) Content: Policy objectives, operational policies, legislation, regulations, guidelines etc.
(why) Context: systematic factors such as social, economic, political, cultural and other environmental conditions
(how) Process: The way in which policies are initiated, developed, or formulated, negotiated, communicated, implemented and evaluated.
(who) stakeholders
what is “rethink your drink”, Canada’s first SSBT?
In 2022, Newfoundland launched a tax on sugar sweetened beverage types with the goal to encourage healthier lifestyles. Revenues will fund the Physical Activity Tax Credit, prenatal infant nutrition supplement, and lunch programs
(container size/L) x tax rate
Where does the SSBT tax NOT apply
Exports
Retailers on an Indian Reserve
Anything containing alcohol
yogurts, milks, choc milk, RTDB under 75 mL, medical or Thera drinks like nutritional supplements
Canadian Public Health Ethics Framework
1) identify the issue and gather the relevant facts in order to clearly understand the problem
2) identify and analyze ethical considerations
3) identify and assess options in light of the Values and principles
4) select best course of action and implement
5) Evaluate
Normative Ethics
what is right and wrong, what is a good decision and a bad decision
(consequentialism, deontology, virtue ethics)
Ethical Principles
Prescriptive: offer recommendations for moral action
They are NOT values- “permanent, universal,and unchanging”.
Health care professions operate on a set of ethical principles that are morally established
Virtue Ethics - Aristotle
- Cultivation of virtuous habits: person-based rather than action- based
- Character is determining factor in deciding if someone is a good person
- Good people create good societies and good decisions
In health care: compassion, honesty, morally correct actions
Consequentialism or Teleology
Wrong things could be right if there is a morally good reason
e.g. Utilitarianism
Moral (correct) decisions are identified based on extent to which they promote more happiness than unhappiness for the greatest number of people
Ratio of happy: unhappy is not consistent
Options initially accepted as moral may be rejected in specific circumstances
Health care: professionals make decisions based on best interest of a particular collective of patients (e.g. quarantine)
Often lead to further moral issues/conflict
DEONTOLOGY OR DUTY-BASED
it is always wrong to lie, no matter the circumstances
* * Every person has an inherent dignity and value
* What is right or wrong vs. the consequences of the action
* Do the right thing - universal and applicable in all circumstances – even if it produces a bad result (certainty)
* First step is to identify the ‘morally correct’ choice and proceed from there
* The Hippocratic Oath and the Universal Declaration of Human rights are examples of deontology (Kant)
