Term 1 Flashcards

Question

What is the unit for biological damage?

Answer 1

Sievert 1 Gy x factor (1 Sv)

Answer 2

- 7N + n --> 6C + 1H - Neutrons have no charge but mass of 1

Answer 3

The conversion of an atom of one element to an atom of another element

Answer 4

- Carbon dating - Radio-immuno assay, radioactive element to be labelled - Medical - visualization and treatment, PET scans - positron emission tomography - Energy generation - fission and fusion

Answer 5

- Positron emission tomography - Harmless dose of radioactive glucose introduced in bloodstream - Shows which areas are most active

Answer 6

To diagnose cancer, heart disease, and some brain disorders ## Footnote Detecting the spread of cancer or monitoring the response to cancer treatment. Sometimes used to help diagnose Alzheimer's disease, and as a research tool to explore brain function.

Answer 7

A type of nuclear reaction that is used to release energy from large and unstable atoms by splitting them into smaller atoms

Answer 8

A nuclear reaction in which atomic nuclei of low atomic number fuse to form a heavier nucleus with the release of energy.

Answer 9

A computed tomography is cross-sectional x-ray images of the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 10

Fast imaging, indicates size and location of lesion, helps differentiate between the type of stroke

Answer 11

Shell that provides bonding - Same down the group - Outer shell - Noble gas configuration is most stable valence shell - All other elements try to gain noble gas configuration = octet rule - Group 2 lose 2 or gain 6 electrons to gain noble gas config, have 2 valences (2 valence electrons)

Answer 12

- Maximum = group number - Minimum = 8 minus group number - Main group metals: usual group number - Transition metals normally have 2 - Count the bonds

Answer 13

The symmetrical three-dimensional arrangement of atoms inside a crystal. - Electrostatic force - Macroscopic structure - Class depends on size and charge of ions

Answer 14

- Difference is more than 1.7 = ionic - Difference is equal to or less than 0.4 = covalent - Difference is in between 0.4 and 1.7 = metallic bonding (0.4 < EN < 1.7)

Answer 15

Ide with least oxygen to ite to ate with most oxygen

Answer 16

Orbitals of equal energy produced by the combination of two or more orbitals on the same atom - All hybrid orbitals have the same shape - Bond is rotational

Answer 17

Overlap of outer orbitals along bond axis

Answer 18

Overlap of orbitals horizontally, weaker than sigma ## Footnote 1 pi and 1 sigma bond

Answer 19

- Can't rotate double bond bc pi bond - Geometric bonding - restricts rotation and diff groups on each carbon - Cis (same/sisters) /trans (opposite) - e/z - enemies/opposite and zamen/same - Triple bond - one sigma bond and 2 pi bonds

Answer 20

- Partial pressure - Pa, p = p1 + p2 + ... = the sum of them - Amount of substance conc - mol/L, c = n / vol - Molal concentration - mol/kg (solvent) n/mr - Mass fraction - kg/kg (%), m/m

Answer 21

- Trying to work out moles 37% per 100 37g HCl in 100g solution = 370g HCl in 1000g solution What do you have? Mass of acid in solution, mass of solution What do you want? No of moles of acid, volume of solution So how many moles in 37g of HCl How many litres in 100g solution? Molar mass: M(HCl) = 36.461 g/mol M=m/n n = m/M 37/36.461 g/mol = 1.015 mol ## Footnote So n = 1.015 mole and v = 0.08448L (below) c = n / V c = 1.015 mol / 0.08448 L = 12.01 mol/L

Answer 22

Pressure is mass / volume Volume is mass / pressure Density p = 1.1837 g/mL P=m/v V=m/p 100g/1.1837g.mL = 84.48mL = 0.08448 L ## Footnote DRAG UNITS ALL THE WAY THROUGH

Answer 23

Once you've calculated the grams of solute necessary for a particular concentration and/or volume of solution, measure the specific amount out and place it in a volumetric flask, then add water up to the volume necessary. It is suggested the solid (salt) is dissolved in a little water, first, since it will make the volume slightly larger as it dissolves - then add water up to the volume necessary. ## Footnote C1 x V1 = C2 x V2

Answer 24

n(solute) = C(solute) x V(solute) n(dilution) = C(dilution) x V(dilution) c(solution) x v (solution) = c (dilution) x volume (dilution) v (solution) = c(d)/c(s) x V(d)

Answer 25

A heating curve is a graph of temperature versus heat added. - Same amount of energy required for transition between phases - Under same pressure, bpt and mpt are constants - Amount of heat required depends on amount of matter - Bpt depends on pressure - Heating one thing is the loss of heating from another

Answer 26

Highest temp and pressure at which a pure material can exist in vapour/liquid equilibrium

Answer 27

A substance at temp and pressure above its critical point, where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist but below the pressure required to compress it into a solid

Answer 28

The heat content of a system at constant pressure - Energy change, internal energy of the system plus product of pressure and volume, measurement of energy change in a thermodynamic system

Answer 29

Energy cannot be created or destroyed - Matter has an energy content (internal energy) - Heat is equivalent to mechanical energy - Energy content can only be changed by heat exchange and work with environment - Energy cannot come out of nowhere - No such thing as a perpetuum mobile (a hypothetical machine which once activated would run freely and forever) - Matter has an energy content: enthalpy, H - Changes in enthalpy result from adding or removing heat (Q) or by work (W) - dH = sQ + sW - Energy can be described by P, V, T, n - dH = CpdT + Vdp

Answer 30

Joule per mole and kelvin per mole, these are both energies

Answer 31

H(products) - H(reagents)

Answer 32

If a reaction can take place by two routes, and the starting and finishing conditions are the same, the total enthalpy change is the same for each route - Enthalpy change of reaction is equal to sum of the enthalpies of the reactions into which it may be divided - Enthalpy of a reaction is independent of route taken as long as start and end are the same

Answer 33

= measurement of disorder - Larger entropy = more disorder - Need to have a positive entropy to react - All processes and reactions involve a change in enthalpy H and entropy S

Answer 34

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. - G = H - T delta S - Gibbs free energy, G It is not possible to convert heat completely into mechanical work - Spontaneous processes are exergonic = one that releases energy - Non-spontaneous processes are endergonic (ones that require an input of energy)

Answer 35

Need right orientation and energy to successfully collide

Answer 36

Reaction that forms the more stable product; requires higher reaction temperature and has a higher activation energy. - Forms more slowly - Exergonic reactions will happen

Answer 37

Favored at lower temperatures under equilibrium conditions and has a lower activation energy and thus forms more quickly but is less stable - Exergonic reactions will only happen once EA is provided - RT needs to be bigger than EA

Answer 38

Only temperature But when T increases, K increases - When EA increases, K decreases - Catalyst increases K

Answer 39

Rate = k[A]^m[B]^n

Answer 40

The intermediate complex formed as covalent bonds in the reactants are being broken and re-formed during a reaction - Transient - Very short lived - Have to go through it - In between 2 reactions - Energy barrier - Stabilize charge

Answer 41

Helps provide energy to contort molecule to a tetrahedral intermediate to stabilize it - Peptide bonds can be attacked due to charge relay

Answer 42

- Lots of drugs are proteinase inhibitors e.g HIV drugs - Mimic transition state

Answer 43

Reversible/competitive inhibitors and irreversible/non-competitive inhibitors

Answer 44

- Competitor is able to bind to active site as well as substrate, can dissociate again - No product with competitive inhibitor - E + S <=> ES <=> E + P - Reaches maximum velocity slower - Vmax (maximum speed reaction can go) is the same - Need more substrate to get to vmax, higher conc of substrate - Need more substrate to get half of vmax, which is km - Substrate is unchanged

Answer 45

The maximum rate of reaction -- when the enzyme is saturated with substrate

Answer 46

Substrate concentration at 1/2 Vmax ## Footnote Units for conc

Answer 47

Km app = Km (1+ [I]/Ki)

Answer 48

Km when competitive inhibitor is there - will be higher as will need more substrate in order to fill half active sites

Answer 49

Km app = Km (1 + [I]/Ki).

Answer 50

Inhibitor constant. ## Footnote Equilibrium constant from binding of inhibitor to the enzyme.

Answer 51

- Rate without inhibitor - Rate with inhibitor - Y-intercept when line of best fit extrapolated is -1/Km - When extrapolated with inhibitor is -1/Km app.

Answer 52

Refers to the prolonged or permanent inactivation of an enzyme, such that it cannot be easily renatured to gain function. ## Footnote Enzymes can be irreversibly inhibited by compounds that react covalently with groups essential to the enzyme's activity.

Answer 53

An autoimmune disease that reduces signals by blocking acetylcholine receptors with antibodies.

Answer 54

The problem is at the neuromuscular junction.

Answer 55

By raising the concentration of acetylcholine.

Answer 56

A reversible (competitive) inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase used to diagnose myasthenia gravis.

Answer 57

Because of its short half-life, the effects do not last long.

Answer 58

A drug used to treat myasthenia gravis that binds to acetylcholinesterase and forms a covalent bond.

Answer 59

- Natural function is to hydrolyse lactose into Galactose + glucose. - Also hydrolyses other galactosides like nitrophenylgalactose. ## Footnote Nitrophenolate ion is yellow.

Answer 60

V = Vmax([S]/(Km + [S])).

Answer 61

It measures production over time, can turn that into velocity and can plot it against substrate concentration. ## Footnote v = velocity, vmax = max. velocity, kM = Michaelis-Menten constant which is the substrate conc that gives half of vmax.

Answer 62

Km = (k2 + KCat) / K1.

Answer 63

Kcat x [ES]. ## Footnote V = kcat x [ES].

Answer 64

How much the enzyme likes the substrate?

Answer 65

- A turnover number, productivity, number of products over time, per second, how quickly generates product. - At enzyme saturation, Vmax = kcat x (Etot). ## Footnote Etot is total amount of enzyme added to a reaction.

Answer 66

Vmax = kcat x (Etot).