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Year 10 Science > Term 1 Biology > Flashcards

Term 1 Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are Alleles?

A

Different forms of the same gene.

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2
Q

What are Autosomes?

A

The physical chromosomes, not sex chromosomes.

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3
Q

T or F: Autosomal Chromosomes dictate physical appearance.

A

True

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4
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

The structure in the nucleus that holds DNA and proteins.

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5
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

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6
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23

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7
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

The cell has pairs of chromosomes.

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8
Q

Example of diploid cell.

A

Red blood cell, skin cell, bone cell - any cell that isn’t a gamete.

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9
Q

T or F: Sperm is a diploid cell?

A

False

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10
Q

What are gametes?

A

The sex cells

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11
Q

Define Gene?

A

A section of DNA that carries genetic code for a particular characteristic.

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12
Q

What does Genotype means?

A

The genetic combination for an individual on a specific trait.

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13
Q

Give an example of genotype for a person with brown hair.

A

BB, Bb

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14
Q

What is Haploid?

A

A cell not having pairs of chromosomes.

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15
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

It means the alleles are different.

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16
Q

Is DD genotype heterozygous?

A

No

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17
Q

What is Homozygous?

A

When the alleles for a trait is the same.

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18
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

When cells are divided and become haploid.

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19
Q

Which cells undergo Meiosis?

A

Gametes

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20
Q

What is mutation mean?

A

A mistake that happens as DNA is copied, causing a change to the sequence of bases.

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21
Q

What is a pedigree?

A

A family tree showing a specific trait.

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22
Q

What is a punnet square?

A

A diagram used to predict genotypes of offspring for a particular trait.

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23
Q

What is a zygote?

A

The cell formed when 2 gametes join - start of a fetus

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24
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

When humans interfere with the breeding process of animals to target a specific trait.

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25
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The difference of species that exist within an ecosystem.

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26
Q

Define Comparative anatomy?

A

The science behind comparing the structure of species to look for similarities and differences.

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27
Q

What is cross-breeding?

A

Selective breeding to combine multiple desirable features.

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28
Q

What is Embryology?

A

The study of species’ embryos

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29
Q

What is evolution?

A

Change of characteristics over many generations within a species.

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30
Q

Homologous means what?

A

Similar structures in species.

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31
Q

What is inbreeding?

A

Selective breeding between 2 closely related individuals

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32
Q

What does Morphology mean?

A

The physical structure of an organism.

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33
Q

What is Natural Selection?

A

When environmental factors cause desirable features to be passed on.

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34
Q

Define Selection pressure?

A

The effect of a selective agent on a population.

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35
Q

What is a Selective Agent?

A

An environmental factor that acts on a population during Natural selection.

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36
Q

Define Speciation?

A

The process where one species becomes 2 species, and they become so different they cannot interbreed

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37
Q

Define a cell?

A

The foundation which all beings are made up of.

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38
Q

What are the 3 common cell structures?

A

Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, DNA

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39
Q

What are the 2 different types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

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40
Q

Which cell type comes with a membrane?

A

Eukaryotic

41
Q

What is an organelle?

A

A collective term for small structures within the cell with specific roles.

42
Q

What is the job of Ribosomes?

A

To create amino acids based on the DNA

43
Q

What is the job of Rough ER?

A

Houses millions of ribosomes, controls the production of proteins.

44
Q

What is the job of the Vacoule?

A

Controls water levels within the cell

45
Q

What is the job of Lysosome?

A

Does digestion for a cell.

46
Q

What is the job of Mitochondria?

A

Generates nutrients and energy. Powerhouse of the cell.

47
Q

What is the job of Chloroplast?

A

produces energy from Photosynthesis

48
Q

Where is DNA found in a cell?

A

In the nucleus, in chromosomes

49
Q

T or F: Red blood cells have DNA?

A

False

50
Q

What is DNA made of?

A

Nucleotides

51
Q

What are the 3 main components of Nucleotides?

A

Phosphate, Sugar, Nitrogen Base

52
Q

What are the 4 types of nucleotide bases?

A

Cytosine, Adenine, Guanine, Thymine

53
Q

T or F: RNA is used to create proteins.

A

True

54
Q

What is the main difference between DNA and RNA?

A

RNA is single stranded

55
Q

What is a codon?

A

Every 3 bases is a codon on DNA

56
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Amino Acids

57
Q

What makes Amino Acids?

A

Codons

58
Q

What are the 3 roles proteins fill?

A

Structural, Enzymatic, Regulatory

59
Q

What do regulatory proteins do?

A

Create insulin and growth hormone

60
Q

What are the 2 main types of Mutations?

A

Point mutation, Frameshift mutation

61
Q

What are the 3 types of point mutations?

A

Silent, missense, nonsense mutations

62
Q

What does a silent mutation do?

A

Changes a base in a codon but not the amino acid made.

63
Q

What does a missense mutation do?

A

Changes a base in a codon and changes the amino acid made.

64
Q

T or F: Missense mutations don’t cause diseases.

A

True

65
Q

What does a nonsense mutation do?

A

Changes a base in a codon and stops protein production.

66
Q

What is the most dangerous point mutation?

A

Nonsense mutation

67
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

When a base is added to a list of bases, changing the whole change.

68
Q

What is the difference between frameshift and point mutations?

A

Frameshift adds a base while point just changes a base

69
Q

When can a mutation be passed on to the offspring?

A

When it affects the sex cells

70
Q

What are 3 common agents that cause mutations?

A

Radiation, Chemical Biological

71
Q

T or F: All mutations are bad.

A

False

72
Q

What are the 2 types of Cell replication?

A

Meiosis and Mitosis

73
Q

What are the 5 stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Interphase

74
Q

What is the 3rd stage of mitosis?

A

Anaphase

75
Q

T or F: Tanophase is a stage of Mitosis?

A

False

76
Q

What is a positive of sexual reproduction?

A

Greater variation within the population

77
Q

Why do we use Punnet Squares?

A

To show all possible Genotypes for offspring

78
Q

T or F: Punnet squares show the definite phenotypes of the offspring?

A

False - only a probability

79
Q

T or F: All genes are on autosomal chromosomes?

A

False

80
Q

Which sex chromosome do genes exist in?

A

X chromosome

81
Q

What do roman numerals represent in Pedigree Charts?

A

Generation

82
Q

How are men represented in a Pedigree chart?

A

They are represented as a square

83
Q

What did Gregor Mendel suggest?

A

That people only inherited 2 alleles

84
Q

Define Incomplete dominance?

A

When 2 homozygous parents create a heterozygous offspring, however neither allele is dominant, and it creates a mix of the 2

85
Q

Define Co-dominance?

A

When 2 homozygous parents create a heterozygous offspring, however neither allele is dominant, but both alleles are present in the phenotype.

86
Q

How many blood types are there?

A

4

87
Q

What are the 4 blood types?

A

A, B, AB, O

88
Q

T or F: A blood type have the A antigens in the red blood cell?

A

True

89
Q

T or F: O blood types have B antigens in the red blood cell?

A

False

90
Q

T or F: AB blood type have A antibodies in the plasma?

A

False

91
Q

Who created the idea of Speciation?

A

Charles Darwin

92
Q

Which animal did Charles Darwin observe?

A

Finches

93
Q

What are the 2 main ways variation happens?

A

Difference in chromosomes and mutation

94
Q

What is the difference between variation and adaptation?

A

Variations are any changes in the genotype, the advantageous ones are adaptions

95
Q

What are the 2 types of selection agent?

A

Biotic (animals) and Abiotic (e.g. water)

96
Q

T or F: Artificial selection happens over generations?

A

True

97
Q

How many selective breeding methods are there?

A

2

98
Q

What are the selective breeding methods?

A
  1. Cross Breeding
  2. In breeding
99
Q

What are the negatives of inbreeding?

A

Less variation in the breed and health issues become prominent.

Year 10 Science (1 decks)

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