term 1 end of topic test Flashcards
(48 cards)
What are the two main types of cells?
Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells are primitive, lack a membrane-bound nucleus, and include bacteria; Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and organelles, found in plants and animals.
What is the structure of prokaryotic cells?
Simple circular DNA, no membrane-bound organelles, may have cilia or tails
Examples include blue-green algae, bacteria, and mycoplasma.
What is the structure of eukaryotic cells?
Membrane-bound nucleus, organelles, and chromosomes in a folded DNA structure
Examples include muscle cells, bone cells, cancer cells, plant cells, and fungal cells.
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
Regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell
Essential for nutrient uptake, waste elimination, gas exchange, and cell signaling.
What is the fluid mosaic model?
A model describing the cell membrane as a mosaic of different proteins embedded in a phospholipid bilayer
The bilayer is fluid, allowing proteins and lipids to move.
What are the key features of the cell membrane?
Thin, surrounds the cell, semi-permeable, maintains substance concentrations
Controls entry and exit of materials.
What is the role of mitochondria in the cell?
Site of cellular respiration, converting glucose into ATP
Known as the ‘powerhouses’ of the cell.
What is the equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP
Represents the process of recharging ATP.
What is ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate, the energy-carrying molecule used by cells
ATP stores and releases energy for various cellular processes.
What is anaerobic respiration?
Energy production process that occurs without sufficient oxygen, resulting in lactic acid or alcohol
Less efficient than aerobic respiration.
What are the two pathways of glucose breakdown without oxygen?
Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation
Both yield a small amount of ATP.
What is glycolysis?
The process of splitting glucose into pyruvate, occurring in the cytoplasm
Does not require oxygen.
What occurs during the Krebs Cycle?
Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl-CoA, producing carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and ATP
Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.
What is the electron transport chain?
A series of reactions where hydrogen is combined with oxygen to produce water and ATP
Occurs on the cristae of mitochondria.
What is passive transport?
The movement of substances across a cell membrane without energy, following a concentration gradient
Includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.
What is facilitated diffusion?
Movement of molecules from high to low concentration with the aid of specific carrier proteins
Involves large or charged molecules that cannot diffuse freely.
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
Moves from high water concentration (low solute) to low water concentration (high solute).
What is active transport?
The movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP)
Involves specialized proteins in the cell membrane.
What are the types of active transport?
Ion pumps, endocytosis, and exocytosis
Includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis for endocytosis.
What is the significance of the SA:V ratio?
Higher SA:V ratio increases efficiency of diffusion in/out of cells
Smaller cells have a higher ratio, improving metabolic activity.
What does a higher SA:V ratio indicate about a cell’s diffusion efficiency?
The more efficient the diffusion is in/out of a cell
This occurs in small cells, ensuring metabolic activity sites are close to the surface.
What is the structure of chloroplasts often described as?
Rod shaped
Chloroplasts contain stroma, grana, and thylakoids.
What is the liquid part of the chloroplast called?
Stroma
What are the stacks of thylakoid discs in chloroplasts called?
Grana
