Term 1 Exam Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
what is an individual?
A
a group of organisms that reproduce
2
Q
What is a population?
A
Same species in the same area @ the same time
3
Q
What is a community?
A
populations interacting with each other as competition
4
Q
What is an ecosystem?
A
interactions between biotic and abiotic environments
5
Q
Which one is larger a biosphere or a biome?
A
Biosphere
6
Q
What is biotic?
A
living things
7
Q
What is abiotic?
A
non-living things
8
Q
What is the definition of matter cycling?
A
autotrophs producing glucose from CO2 and H20
9
Q
What is the definition of energy flow?
A
Biotic animals consume biotic plants and their byproducts
10
Q
What does a habitat contain for an animal?
A
food, mate, shelter, water, temperature
11
Q
What does a habitat contain for a plant?
A
light, air, water, nutrients, mate, shelter
12
Q
What is meant by greater biodiversity?
A
more food, habitats, resilience
13
Q
Greater biodiversity leads to greater……
A
stability
14
Q
What are the 4 components of a habitat?
A
Shelter, Air/Sun/Water, Food, Space
15
Q
What is important about the components of a habitat?
A
All components have to be provided in the correct amount
16
Q
What is a niche?
A
everything it does to survive to maintain its way of life
17
Q
What is the Law of Tolerance?
A
There are limits to your survival
18
Q
What is stratification?
A
sorts habitats into multiple ecosystems in order to increase diversity
19
Q
What does stratification bring?
A
Brings multiple habitats, niches, ecosystems, diversity, specialties and increased resistance
20
Q
More habitats = More ________ = More _________
A
Niches, Diversity
21
Q
What is the equation for the Simpson Biodiversity Index?
A
D = ni(ni-1)/N(N-1)
22
Q
What are the 3 services that ecosystems give to us?
A
Provisional, Regulating, Cultural
23
Q
What are 3 services we give to ecosystems?
A
Protect, Enhance, Restore
24
Q
What happens to an ecosystem that has low biodiversity?
A
few successful species, low niche, stressful environment, inadaptable
25
What happens to an ecosystem that has high biodiversity?
lots of successful species, high niches, less hostile environment, adaptable, complex food webs
26
What is parasitism?
A parasite lives off its host, until the host dies ( +, -)
27
What is mutualism?
Two species both benefit from their interaction (+, +)
28
What is commensalism?
Two species where one benefits and one remains neutral, (+, =)
29
What are the two types of competition?
Interspecific and Intraspecific
30
What is intraspecific competition?
Same species compete for the same resources in an ecosystem
31
What is interspecific competition?
Different species compete for the same resources in an ecosystem
32
What is the Gause Competitive Exclusion Principle? (2 points)
No two species w/ the same niche can coexist; no two species can occupy the same niche indefinitely
33
What is resource partitioning?
species divide resources to avoid competition for limited resources
34
What are the limiting factors?
Factors that restrict existence, reproduction or distribution of organisms
35
What is abiotic LF?
Not dependent on density and population
36
What is biotic LF?
Dependant on Density and population
37
What is predation? and how do animals avoid it?
Predator consuming prey, keeping population levels under control
38
What are some characteristics of exponential growth within a population?
small organisms, abiotic LF, lots of offspring, no maternal care, short life span
39
What are some characteristics of logistic growth within a population?
large organisms, biotic LF, 1-2 offspring, maternal care, long lifespan
40
Can autotrophs survive w/o heterotrophs?
Yes
41
Can heterotrophs survive w/o autotrophs?
No
42
1st Law of Thermodynamics:
The amount of energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transferred
43
2nd Law of Thermodynamics:
In every transformation, the amount of usable energy is decreased
44
Food Chain levels. Starting with a producer;
Primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, decomposer
45
Food Web levels starting with trophic level 1:
L2, L3, L4, L5
46
What is the 10 percent rule of the food chain?
The amount of energy that goes into the consumption of the organism
47
Where does the other 90 percent go to?
Life processes of the organism
48
What are the three types of ecological pyramids?
Energy, Biomass, Numbers
49
What happens to each factor of an ecological pyramid as it goes further up?
The amount of available resources decreases
50
What do autotrophs do for an ecosystem?
create energy for consumers, more biomass, diversity, stability and resiliency, and moderate concentration of gases, protect the ozone
51
What is NPP?
Net Primary Production, measures the rate of plant productivity (growth)
52
What is Biomagnification?
The increase in concentration of a toxin as it moves up the food chain
53
Do the lower or higher-level consumers have a higher concentration of toxins?
Higher Level
54
What are the four biogeochemical cycles?
water, nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus
55
What are the 7 processes of the water cycle?
evaporation, transpiration condensation, precipitation, surface runoff, percolation, groundwater
56
What are the 8 processes of the carbon cycle?
CO2 in atmosphere, CO2 in dissolved water, photosynthesis, consumption, cellular respiration, decomposition, fossil fuels, combustion
57
What are the 5 processes of the nitrogen cycle?
N2 Fixation, Ammonification, Nitrification, Assimilation, Denitrification
58
What is Eutrophication?
Excessive Algae blooms due to too much nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in the water
59
What is Reclamation?
returning of healthy, yet disturbed land to a state where it is useful once again
60
What is Remediation?
clean up of a contaminated area with actions necessary to remove contaminants for the recovery of the ecosystem
61
What is Taxonomy?
science of identifying, naming, organizing and classifying organisms
62
What is the classification DKPCOFGS stand for? (in order from most inclusive to most exclusive)
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
63
What are the three domains?
Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria
64
What is the bacteria domain?
auto/heterotrophic, mobile, reproduce asexually, prokaryotic, cell walls, self-sufficient hermits
65
What is the archaea domain?
auto/heterotropic, mobile, reproduce asexually, prokaryotic, unicellular, found in extreme conditions
66
What is the Eukarya domain?
auto/heterotrophic, sessile or mobile, reproduce a/sexually, uni/multicellular, eukaryotic
66
What are the 6 Kingdoms?
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Plants, Protista, Fungi, Animals
67
What is a Dichotomous Key?
scientific name given to every organism consisting of genus and unique characteristics
68
_______ + _________ = variation within a population
sexual reproduction and mutation
69
How does sexual reproduction affect variation?
takes 1/2 of the dad's traits and 1/2 of the mom's traits to make an offspring, each one getting a different set of traits from either parent
70
How does mutation affect variation?
changes to chromosomes are passed onto offspring who inherit them; they can either harm an organism or make them advantageous
71
What are the three types of adaption?
Structural, behavioural, physiological
72
What are structural adaptations?
Physical features of an organism (mimicry, camouflage, warning coloration)
73
What are physiological adaptations?
Functioning or biochemical processes (venom, squid ink, web proteins, digestive enzymes, blood clotting)
74
What are behavioural adaptations?
Actions an organism takes (migration, tracking prey, storing nuts, growing towards light)
75
Variation leads to Natural Selection; what is it?
density dependant factors like predation, competition, disease, abiotic factors act on individuals in a population
76
Evidence of Evolution is shown through direct evidence called?
Fossil Records
77
Evolution is shown through indirect evidence such as?
Comparative Embryology and Anatomy; homologous, analogous and vestigial
78
What is the third method of showing evolutionary evidence?
Biochemistry
79
Evolution = ______/________
change in form/time
80
What is wrong with Darwin's theory of evolution?
Can't identify the source of variation within a species
81
What is wrong with Lamark's theory of evolution?
We cannot pass on acquired traits or characteristics
82
What do cladograms do?
depict evolutionary relationships among groups and classify them
83
What three things do cladograms provide?
of shared characteristics, relationships, sequence of origin
84
What is microevolution?
small changes in populations, leading to new breeds
85
What is Macroevolution?
major changes in populations, leading to a new species
86
What are the three types of evolutionary isolations?
Geographical, Biological, Reproductive
87
What is punctuated equilibrium?
Evolution proceeding at burst of morphological changes till a new species or extinction occurs (shown in fossil records)
88
What is gradual change?
slow and steady changes, with little changes made to the structure (not shown in fossil records)
89
What is photosynthesis?
A set of redox reactions by which plants and algae convert sunlight into chemical energy
90
What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2
91
What are pigments?
molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of light and reflect all others
92
What is paper chromatography?
Separates different pigments in a mixture as some pigments are more attracted to paper, whilst others are more attracted to the solvent
93
What do Rf values indicate?
Indicates a higher solubility of the pigments in the solvent as the Rf value increases
94
What do leaves have other pigments?
Increases their efficiency to absorb all wavelengths of energy
95
Why do leaves change colours in the fall?
Sun changes trajectory and certain wavelengths are no longer present , causing chlorophyll to break down
96
What do the light reactions use and produce?
They use h2o and energy from the sun to produce ATP and NADPH
97
What do the dark reactions use and produce?
They use ATP, NADPH and RuBP to make Glucose
98
What is reduction? oxidation?
Reduction is the gaining of a substance or molecule; Oxidation is the loss of a substance or molecule
99
What is chemosmosis?
The movement of H+ ions that drives the reaction for ADP + Pi to convert to ATP
100
What is photolysis?
The splitting of H2O into H+ ions, e- and O2 molecules from light energy
