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GCSE Geography > Term 1 Test Knowledge Organiser > Flashcards

Term 1 Test Knowledge Organiser Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Hadley call

A

Largest cell which which extends from the Equator to between 30-40 degrees North & South

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2
Q

Ferrell Cell

A

Middle cell where air flows poleward between 60-70 degrees

North & South

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3
Q

What is the Polar cell

A

smallest & weakest cell that occurs from the poles to the Ferell Cell

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4
Q

What are Tropical Storms called in East Asia

A

Typhoons

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5
Q

What are Tropical Storms called in India

A

Cyclones

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6
Q

What are tropical storms called in North America

A

Hurricanes

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7
Q

Low Pressure

A

Caused by hot air rising, causes stormy cloudy weather

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8
Q

High pressure

A

caused by cold air sinking, causes clear and calm weather

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9
Q

Primary effects of tropical storms

A

Can destroy whole communities, buildings and communication networks

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10
Q

Secondary effects of Tropical Storms

A

People left homeless
Shortage of clean water and ;ack of proper sanitation
Businesses are damaged
Crops destroyed

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11
Q

Enhanced greenhouse effect

A

Recently humans burning fossil fuels or energy emit greenhouse gases, this makes earths atmosphere thicker and traps solar radiation causing less to be reflected, as a result, Earths climate is getting warmer

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12
Q

What methods help reduce

climate change

A

Carbon Capture
International Agreements
Planting Trees
Renewable Energy

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13
Q

Natural causes of climate change

A

Orbital Changes
Sun Spots
Volcanic Eruptions

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14
Q

Formation of tropical storms

A
  1. Sun rays heat up ocean causing warm air to rise
  2. One temp is 27, the rising air leads to low pressure, This turns into a thunderstorm and causes air to be sucked in from the trade winds
  3. With the rotation of earth and the winds blowing an opposite direction, the thunderstorm starts to spin
  4. When the storm spins faster than 74 mph, a tropical storm is officialy born
  5. With the storm growing in power, cool air sinks in the centre of the storm creating calm conditions, this is called the eye of the storm
  6. When the tropical storm hits land, it loses its energy source and loses strength
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15
Q

Management of tropical storms

A

Protection, Aid, Development, Prediction, Education, Planning

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16
Q

What type of pressure system is a tropical storm

A

Low-pressure system

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17
Q

The quaternary period is how many years of time?

A

2.6 million years

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18
Q

Name the 3 greenhouse gases that absorb heat in the Earths atmosphere

A

Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Carbon dioxide

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19
Q

Eccentricity describes that what has changed?

A

The shape of Earths orbit around the sun. The Earths orbit is not fixed, it changes shape from being circular to almost elliptical and then back to circular etc. When the cycle is circular, Earth orbits closer to the sun and climate gets hotter, when elliptical, it orbits further away causing climate to be cold. This happens every 100,000 yeas and closely coincides with the alternating glacial (cold) and inter-glacial (warm) periods in the quaternary period

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20
Q

Whats the latitude in which tropical storms form between

A

5-30

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21
Q

Seasons tropical storms form in?

A

Summer

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22
Q

Weather

A

The day to day conditions of the atmosphere

23
Q

Climate

A

The average weather over a 30 year period

24
Q

Extreme weather

A

When a weather event is significantly different from the average or usual weather pattern and is usually severe or unusual

25
Q

What is a weather depression

A

When an area of low pressure (air rising) brings wind cloud and rain

26
Q

What does precession describe

A

This describes the wobble like a spinning top, As the Earth wobbles towards the sun, the climate gets warmer and as it wobbles away, it gets colder

27
Q

What does Axial tilt describe

A

When the Earth spins on its axis causing night and day, The Earths axis is currently tilted at 23.5 degrees. However over a period of 41000 years, the tilt of the Earths axis moves back and forth between two extremes, 21.5 degrees and 24.5 degrees making inter-glacial and glacial periods of time

27
Q

What does Axial tilt describe

A

When the Earth spins on its axis causing night and day, The Earths axis is currently tilted at 23.5 degrees. However over a period of 41000 years, the tilt of the Earths axis moves back and forth between two extremes, 21.5 degrees and 24.5 degrees making inter-glacial and glacial periods of time

28
Q

What is sunspot

A

Sunspot is a dark patch on the surface of the sun, the number of sunspots increases from a minimum to a maximum then back to a minimum over a period of 11 years. This is a sunspot cycle.

29
Q

What happens when sunspot activity is at a maximum

A

When sunspot activity is at a maximum, the sun gives off more heat. Large explosions occur on the Earths surface causing a solar flare

30
Q

What happens when sunspot activity is at a minumum

A

When sunspot activity is at a minimum, the solar output is reduced, this can lead to lower temperatures on Earth

31
Q

Volcanic Activity

A

Violent volcanic eruptions that blast huge quantities of ash gases and liquids into the Atmosphere

Volcanic ash can block out the sun reducing temperatures on the Earth, this tends to be 2-3 years and is short term

The tiny droplets that result from the conversion of Sulphur dioxide to sulphuric acid act like tiny mirrors reflecting radiation from the sun. This can last longer and affect the climate for many years

32
Q

How do volcanic eruptions change the Earths climate to make it warmer

A

Volcanic ash blocks out the sun

33
Q

How do volcanic eruptions change the Earths climate to make it warmer

A

Volcanic ash blocks out the sun

34
Q

What releases Carbon Dioxide into the atmosphere

A

Deforestation, Burning fossil fuels, car exhausts

35
Q

What releases Methane into the atmosphere

A

Decaying organic matter, rice farming, burning biomass for energy, farm livestock

36
Q

What releases Nitrous Oxide

A

Agricultural fertilizers, car exhausts, power stations producing electricity, sewage treatment

37
Q

How does Carbon dioxide contribute to global warming

A

Account for 60% of the enhanced greenhouse effect

38
Q

How does Methane contribute to climate change

A

Very effective in absorbing heat

39
Q

How does Methane contribute to climate change

A

Very effective in absorbing heat

40
Q

How does Nitrous Oxide contribute to climate change

A

Very small concentrations in the atmosphere up to 300 times more effective in capturing heat that Carbon Dioxide

41
Q

What is short-wave radiation

A

Radiation entering Earth’s atmosphere

42
Q

What is Long-wave radiation

A

Radiation escaping back into space

43
Q

define renewable energy source

A

An infinite source of energy that can be used over and over again

44
Q

Name 2 primary effects of Taiphoon Haiyan

A

6300 killed

60000 displaced

45
Q

Name 2 Secondary effects of Typhoon Haiyan

A

4 million affected 6 million jobs lost

Flooding caused landslides

46
Q

Name the 5 UK weather hazards

A

Thunderstorms, Drought, Prolonged rainfall, Strong winds, Heavy snow

47
Q

Recall the 8 dates when the UK faced extreme weather

A 
2003 - Heatwave
2007 - Floods 
2008 - Floods
2009 - Heavy Snow 
2009 - Floods 
2010 - Heavy Snow 
2013/16 Floods
48
Q

Why might extreme weather be on the rise?

A

Climate change can lead to:
More energy in the atmosphere leading to more intense storms
Affects Global atmospheric circulation bringing floods to dry areas and heatwaves to cool areas

49
Q

What is evidence for Climate Change

A

Glacier and Ice Cap melting
Thermal Expansion
Low-lying islands in danger of flooding
Seasonal changes (tree flowering earlier, birds nesting earlier)

50
Q

What are the 3 main natural causes of climate change

A

Volcanic Activity
Milankovitch cycles
Solar Activity

51
Q

How can we adapt to climate change

A

Introducing drought resistant strains of crops
New irrigation systems
New cropping patterns
Shade trees to protect seeds from strong sunshine
Educating farmers in water harvesting techniques

52
Q

How can we reduce risk from sea levels

A

Restoration of coastal mangrove forests
Construction of artificial islands
Building houses raised off the ground on stilts

GCSE Geography (18 decks)

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