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AGS Science 4A > TERM 2 FLASHCARDS > Flashcards

TERM 2 FLASHCARDS

1
Q

Name an animal with a hydrostatic skeleton and identify its qualities

A

(Anything) e.g. Sea Anemones and Annelid Worms

Fluid-filled cells. Water is held in the body and moved around by muscles to bring about a change in shape or position of the organism

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2
Q

Name an animal with a exoskeleton and identify its qualities

A

(Anything) e.g. (Most invertebrates - e.g. Insects)

Segmented and bears jointed legs. Muscles allow animal to move. Limit to size of these organisms due to relatively heavy skeletons and muscles unable to support this.

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3
Q

Name an animal with a endoskeleton and identify its qualities

A

(Most Mammals) Human

Have an internal set of bony supporting structures, Backbone is strengthened by girdles to which limbs are attached. Each bone has muscles attached near its ends.

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4
Q

Number of bones in an adult human skeleton

A

206 bones (approximately)

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5
Q

Name the two types of bone tissue

A

Hard, solid, heavy walls made of dense tissue called compact bone
AND
Inside a mesh of spongy bone

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6
Q

What bones of the human skeleton are included in the axial skeleton? Give numbers of bone in the head, thorax and vertebral column

A

29 bones in the head - (8 cranial and 14 facial bones) and then also 7 associated bones (6 auditory ossicles and the Hyoid Bone)
25 bones of the thorax - (the sternum and 24 ribs)
26 bones in the vertebral column (24 vertebrae, the sacrum and the coccyx)

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7
Q

What bones of the human skeleton are included in the appendicular skeleton? Give numbers of bone in the shoulder girdle, arm and forearm, hands, pelvis, legs, and, feet

A

4 bones in the shoulder girdle (clavicle and scapula each side)
6 bones in the arm and forearm (humerus,ulna and radius)
58 bones in the hands (carpals 16, metacarpals 10, phalanges 28 and sesamoid 4)
2 pelvis bones
8 bones in the legs (femur, tibia, patella and fibula)
56 bones in the feet (tarsals, metatarsals , phalanges and sesamoid)

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8
Q

Name the 3 types of joint

A

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial

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9
Q

What are fibrous joints? Give an example

A

Fibrous joints connect bones without allowing any movement. The bones of your skull are held together by fibrous joints

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10
Q

What are cartilaginous joints? Give an example

A

Cartilaginous joints are joints in which bones attach to cartilage. These joints allow for little movement, such as in the spine or ribs

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11
Q

What are synovial joints? Give an example

A

Synovial joints allow for much more movement than cartilaginous joints. Cavities between bones in synovial joints are filled with synovial fluid. This fluid helps lubricate and protect the bones. The ends of the bones are covered with a tough cartilage surface and ligaments hold the bones together. E.g. Knee joint

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12
Q

What is a ball and socket joint and what kind of movement does it allow? Give an example.

A

The ball and socket joint, or universal joint allows for radial movement in almost any direction. They are found in the shoulders and hips. See how your arms and legs at these positions can move in all directions.

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13
Q

What is a hinge joint and what kind of movement does it allow? Give an example.

A

The hinge joint allows for extension and retraction of an arm or leg. See how your arm bends at the elbow or how your leg bends at the knee

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14
Q

What is a saddle joint and what kind of movement does it allow? Give and example.

A

The saddle joint allows for movement back and forth and up and down, but does not allow for rotation. These are found between the carpal and meta-carpal bones in the wrist

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15
Q

What is a gilding (plane) joint and what kind of movement does it allow? Give an example.

A

In a gliding joint bones slide past each other. These are found between the carpal bones of the wrist and tasal bones of your feet

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16
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Ligaments serve as connectors, linking the ends of bones together at a joint - acts like a shock absorber

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17
Q

What are tendons?

A

Tendons attach muscles to bones - acts like an anchoring point for a band of muscles and attaches muscle to bone

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18
Q

What cells are ligaments and tendons formed from?

A

Collagen cells

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19
Q

Name the bones included in the ossicles.

A

anvil,hammer,stirrup

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20
Q

Name four types of muscles in your body

A

Skeletal, smooth, heart, cardiac

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21
Q

What are smooth muscles? Give an example

A

Involuntary muscles - unable to be controlled directly. E.g. blood vessels. bladder, reproductive systems, and skin, intestines and the eye

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22
Q

Approximately how many muscles are in our bodies?

A

639 muscles

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23
Q

What are cardiac muscles? What makes them special?

A

Specialized tissue that is capable of rhythmic contraction and relaxation over long periods of time and without fatigue.

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24
Q

What does myogenic mean?

A

The heart beat is initiated from within the heart muscle itself rather than by nerve impulses outside it.

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25
Q

What is the Sino atrial node or SAN?

A

The impulse generating tissue located in the right atrium of the heart

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26
Q

Name 5 benefits the skeletal muscles provide us?

A

Strength, balance, posture, movement as well as heat for the body to keep warm.

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27
Q

When does the contraction of a muscle occur?

A

When it is stimulated by electrochemical signal from the central nervous system

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28
Q

What is the origin of a muscle?

A

The end of the muscle closest to the body centre

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29
Q

What is the insertion of a muscle?

A

The end of the muscle that is further away from the body centre - part which moves.

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30
Q

What are flexors?

A

Muscles which bend joints

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31
Q

What are extensors?

A

Muscles which straighten joints

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32
Q

What are abductors?

A

Muscles which pull part of the body away from its central axis.

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33
Q

What are adductors?

A

Muscles which push part of the body towards its central axis.

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34
Q

What is the name of the muscle around the mouth?

A

Masseter

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35
Q

What is the name of the muscle in the chest?

A

Pectorals

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36
Q

What is the name of the muscle in the inside of our arm?

A

Biceps

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37
Q

What is the name of the muscle in the outside of our arms?

A

Triceps

38
Q

What is the name of the muscle in our shoulders?

A

Deltoids

39
Q

What is the name of the muscle in the stomach area?

A

Abdominals

40
Q

What is the name of the muscle on the top half our back?

A

Trapezius

41
Q

What is the name of the muscle on the bottom half of our back

A

Latissimus Dorsi

42
Q

What is the name of the muscle in the front of our thigh?

A

Quadriceps

43
Q

What is the name of the muscle in the back of our lower leg?

A

Calf muscles

44
Q

What is the name of the muscle in the thigh at the back?

A

Hamstring

45
Q

Describe the action of the biceps and triceps to make the arm straight. What is this movement called?

A

The bicep relaxes and the triceps contract. (opposite when arm is bending) Antagonistic muscle pairs.

46
Q

Where do muscles get their energy from?

A

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) - Body’s way to transport and store energy

47
Q

What is the synovial membrane?

A

A layer of connective tissue that lines the cavities of joints (Fluid-filled sacs between tendons and bones)

48
Q

What is the synovial fluid?

A

Lubricating function at joints

49
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A change in the environment that can affect an organism

50
Q

What is a neuron?

A

A cell that can transmit electrical and chemical signals.

51
Q

Name the three basic types of neurons.

A

Sensory, motor, and inter (or relay)

52
Q

What jobs do the sensory neurons perform?

A

Bring signals to the central nervous system from sensory receptors. They are sensitive to, or respond to touch, light, sound and any other stimuli that affect cells sensory organs and send these signals to the central nervous system.

53
Q

What jobs do the motor neurons perform?

A

Motor neurons receive signals from the central nervous system that cause muscles to contraction and to affect glands

54
Q

What jobs do the inter-neurons perform?

A

These are intermediate or connecting neurons. They connect neurons with other neurons within the same region of the brain or spinal cord

55
Q

What is an axon?

A

The long thread-like part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells.

56
Q

What is a node of Ranvier?

A

A gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve between adjacent schwann cells

57
Q

What is a myelin sheath?

A

a lipid-rich substance (Eddie) that surrounds the axon of some nerve cells forming an electrically insulating layer

58
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

Branched poloplasmic extensions of a nerve cell that pass on electrochemical stimulation.

59
Q

What is the synapse?

A

A structure that permits neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron

60
Q

What is the difference between a nerve and a neuron?

A

Nerves are found in the peripheral nervous system while neurons are found in the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.

61
Q

Name the three parts of a neuron

A
  1. A compact body, often called the soma
  2. The branching threads called dendrites
  3. A special extension from the cell body that can be as much as 1 meter long called the axon
62
Q

Which two parts make up the central nervous system?

A

The brain and spinal cord

63
Q

Name at least 3 types of receptors.

A
  • Light receptors in the eye
  • Chemical receptors found in the nose enable us to smell
  • Changes in position and our orientation in space found in the ear
  • Other chemical receptors in the mouth
  • Sound receptors are found in the ear
  • Touch, pressure and temperature receptors are found in the skin
64
Q

What are effectors?

A

Effectors carry out responses to stimuli. They are usually muscles or glands. Motor neurons carry information that tell the effectors how to respond and to what degree they respond

65
Q

What are reflex actions?

A

Actions we perform automatically. We do not consciously control them.

66
Q

Describe the pathway called the reflex arc

A

Nerve impulses are sent by receptors through the nervous system (through the spinal cord through relay then) to effectors. Impulses reach brain after the impulses reach effector. This pathway is called the reflex arc.

67
Q

What are conditioned responses?

A

The conditioned response is the learned response to a stimulus that previously did not cause any response.

68
Q

In what form is the hormone when being transported in the blood?

A

Dissolved in the blood plasma

69
Q

Describe adrenaline (The gland which secretes it, When hormone is secreted, Function)

A

Secreted from the adrenal glands. Secreted in small amounts all the time and in large amounts in times of trauma or fright, Prepares the body for flight or fight

70
Q

Describe insulin (The gland which secretes it, When hormone is secreted, Function)

A

Secreted from the islet tissue in the pancreas. Secreted when blood glucose level rises above normal. Causes liver and muscles to take up glucose and convert it to glycogen, so restoring the blood glucose levels to normal. A lack of insulin causes diabetes.

71
Q

Describe glucagon (The gland which secretes it, When hormone is secreted, Function)

A

Secreted from the islets of langerhans in the pancreas. Secreted when the blood glucose drops below normal. Causes the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose into the blood.

72
Q

Describe testosterone (The gland which secretes it, When hormone is secreted, Function)

A

Secreted from the testes. Secreted in small amounts throughout life; in larger quantities from puberty onwards. Controls the development of male sex organs and secondary sexual characteristics.

73
Q

Describe oestrogen (The gland which secretes it, When hormone is secreted, Function)

A

Secreted from the ovaries. Secreted in small quantities throughout life; in larger quantities from puberty onwards, particularly when follicle is developing. Controls the development of sexual characteristics; cause the lining of the uterus to get thick and spongy

74
Q

Describe progesterone (The gland which secretes it, When hormone is secreted, Function)

A

secreted from the Corpus luteum (placenta). Secreted after ovulation throughout pregnancy. Maintains the lining of the uterus.

75
Q

Describe thyroid (The gland which secretes it, When hormone is secreted, Function)

A

Secreted from the thyroxine. Controls how quickly the body uses energy, makes proteins and controls sensitivity to hormones

76
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

At the base of the skull

77
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Controls hormone functions such as our temperature, thyroid activity, growth during childhood, urine production, testosterone production in males and ovulation and oestrogen production in females.

78
Q

What is the FSH and what does it stand for?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone. It causes the ovary to produce follicle around egg and ovaries to produce oestrogen

79
Q

What is the LH and what does it stand for?

A

Lutinising Hormone. Causes the egg to be released and follicle to turn into a yellow body (Causes to produce progesterone)

80
Q

What is decomposition?

A

Breaking down of a chemical compound into its elements or smaller compounds. Often this is done by heating the reactant

81
Q

Describe what happens in a combination reaction

A

Two elements or compounds combine to form one product (A+B=AB)

82
Q

Describe what happens in a precipitation reaction

A

Two elements in reactants take the place of each other and a solid forms in one of the products. (AB(aq) + CD(aq)= AD(aq) + BC(s))

83
Q

Describe what happens in a displacement reaction

A

One element takes the place of another element in a reacting compound (A(s) + BC(aq) = B(s) + AC(aq)

84
Q

Describe what happens in a decomposition reaction

A

One substance is split into two or more substances. (AB = A + B

85
Q

What does metal + acid produce?

A

a salt + hydrogen

86
Q

List the metals from most reactive to least reactive

A

Potassium Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium Zinc Iron Lead Copper Silver Gold (Please stop calling me a zebra. I like christina so good) ACRONYM

87
Q

What does carbonate (hydrogen carbonate) + acid produce?

A

A salt + water + carbon dioxide

88
Q

What does acid + base produce?

A

A salt + water

89
Q

What is a base?

A

the oxide or hydroxide of a metal

90
Q

What is a alkali?

A

a base that is soluble in water.

AGS Science 4A (3 decks)

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