Term 2 Review

Question 1

Adler’s Birth Order

1. Only Child
2. First Child
3. Second Child
4. Middle Child of 3
5. Youngest child

Answer 1

1. Pampered+spoiled, Incompetent bc adults are more capable, Center of attention (feels special), Self-Centered, Relies on others, refuse cooperation, Gets their way
2. Used to being center of attention, Must be superior, Always right, Controller, 2nd child=unloved and neglected, Wants to gain parent’s attention by conformity, Misbehaviour if fail, Responsible, Discouraged, Protect and help, pleases
3. No undivided attention by parents, Siblings more advanced, Tries to catch up, Dvlp abilities that siblings don’t exist, May rebel, Doesn’t like position, Squeezed if other children are born, Push down siblings

Question 2

Adler’s Birth Theory:

4. Middle Child of 3
5. Youngest Child

Answer 2

4. No rights of oldest or privileges of youngest, Life is unfair, Unloved, Left out (squeezed), No place, Discouraged, “Problem Child”, Push down other siblings, Adaptable, Deals w/ all siblings
5. Behaves like other child, Every one bigger and more capable, Expects other to do things, Other tale responsibility, Smallest and weakest, Not taken seriously, Getting own way, Inferior, Overtakes other siblings, Remains the baby, Allies w/ other younger kids

Question 3

1. Inferiority:
2. Parenting Styles:
3. Libido
4. Erogenous zones
5. Freudian Slip
6. Motivation
7. Intraversion
8. Extraversion

Answer 3

1. Striving for superiority as we grow up vulnerable
2. 2 parental styles; Pampering: overprotecting and too much attention. Neglect: Not protected, fears the world, hard time forming relationships
3. Driving force behind behaviour
4. Stimulation of certain body parts
5. an unintentional error regarded as revealing subconscious feelings.
6. Energizes, direct and sustains behaviors
7. Internal desires to perform a task, gives them pleases, develops a particular skill, morally the right thing to do
8. Parental, role models,expectations,earning money, doing things to maintain or change an image of you that was created by others.

Question 4

Erikson’s Psycho-Social Stages:

1. Infancy (Birth-18 months)
2. Early Childhood (2-3 years)
3. Preschool (3-5 years)
4. School Age (6-11)
5. Adolescence (12-18)
6. Young Adulthood (19-40)
7. Middle Adulthood (40-65)
8. Maturity (65-death)

Answer 4

1. Trust VS. Mistrust; Feeding; Babies dvlp a sense of trust when provide reliability, care and affection. Lack of will lead to mistrust
2. Autonomy VS Shame and Doubt; Toilet Training; Kids dvlp a sense of personal control over and power over physical skills+ independence. Success= autonomy, Failure=Shame and Doubt
3. Inititative VS Guilt; Exploration; Assert cntrl and power. Success=sense of purpose, Too much power=guilt bc disapproval
4. Industry VS Inferiority; School; Cope w/ social + academic demands. Success=sense of competence, Failure=inferiority

Question 5

Erikson Psychosocial pt 2

1. Adolescense (12-18)
2. Young Adulthood (19-40)
3. Middle Adulthood (40-65)
4. Maturity (65-death)

Answer 5

1. Identity VS Role Confusion; Social Relationships; Dvlp personal identity. Success=stay true to yourself, Failure= Role Confusion and weak sense of self
2. Intimmacy VS Isolation; Relationships; Form intimate, loving relationships. Failure=loneliness + isolation
3. Generativity VS Stagnation; Work and Parenthood; Create or nurture things that outlast them (kids, change), Success= usefulness and accomplishment. Failure=shallow involvement in the world
4. Ego Integrity VS Despair; Reflection on Life; Sense of fulfillment, Success=wisdom, Failure=regret, despair, bitter

Question 6

Freud Psychosexual Dvlp:

1. 1.Oral Stage (Birth-1)
2. Anal Stage (1-3)
3. Phallic Stage (3-6)
4. Latent Stage (6-11)
5. Genital Stage (11-18)

Answer 6

1. Baby’s first interaction is through mouth. Mouth, tongue + lips are ero zone. Gratifying through sucking. If not satisfied=Oral fixation (thumb-sucking, biting, smoking)
2. Anus+ rectum=ero zones. Focus of libido=controlling bladder and bowel. TT=primary issue. Too much pressure= need for clean + order (anal retentive). Too little pressure=messy (anal explusive)
3. Ero zone=id energy on genitals. Please from self-stimulation, Boys experience Oedipus complex and Girl Electra Complex, attraction of opposite sex parent. Behaves like same sex parent (Forms superego)

Question 7

1. Latency Stage (6-11)
2. Genital Stage (11-18)

Answer 7

1. Sexual impulses(id) are pushed aside, Dvlp social skills, dvlp relationships w/ peers outside fam, focus on demands of enivornment (peers, school)
2. Libido is active again, Genitals is source of pleasure. Revisit sex. urges from 3rd stage. Strong interest in opposite sex

• Adult personality reflecs unresolved issues or fixations. Well-balanced life=when dvlp is successful (not too much, not too little)

Question 8

Eysenk: Personality Traits

1. Two Key Factors that measures caracteristics
2. Introversion:
3. Extroversion
4. Neuroticism (Unstable)
5. Stable

Answer 8

1. Intro/extroversion and stable/unstable (neuroticism)
2. Energy is directed inward. Think first and act later, require amount of “private time” to charge batteries, motivated internally, prefer one-to-one communication.Over-aroused and need to be in peace
3. Energy directed outward. Act first snd think later, deprived when cutoff from interactions, open to and motivated by outside world, enjoy variety and change in people relationships Under-aroused
4. High levels of negative affect (depression and anxiety). Moody, touchy…
5. Emotionally stable, calm, able to stay balanced.

Question 9

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

1. Survival & Physiological Needs
2. Security and Safety Needs
3. Belonging and Social needs
4. Esteem Needs
5. Need for self-actualization

Answer 9

• Lower levels are first priority

1. Breathing,Thirst,Hunger,Reproduction,Warmth
2. Shelter,Health,Order,Routine,Familiarity,Stability
3. Love,affection,belonging and acceptance.Look for this within relationships and families
4. Need for self-respect or self-esteem and for the esteem of others. There are intristic: the desire for strength, achievement and confidence,independence and freedom. Extrinsic: is the desire for reputation or prestige, respect from others, status,fame,glory,dominance,importance,dignity…
5. Reach full potential of a human being. All 4 levels are conquered, can focus on fucntioning to highest potential. Must be true to their own nature. Give back to others now.

Question 10

Gordon Allport’s Trait Theory

1. We all have __
2. 3 types of traits that help us understand a person’s uniqueness

Answer 10

1. Internal traits that remain relatively stable and explain why we behave across a variety of situations
2. Central Traits, Secondary Traits and Cardinal Traits
3. Central Traits: Tendencies we have during most situations. Core qualities
4. Secondary Traits: How we behave in certain situations, less consistent, more situation-specific (aggressive in certain in situations)
5. Cardinal Traits: How we behave across all situations. Basic and dominant element of our personalities. (in a libray, supposed to be quiet, will be quiet)

Question 11

Psychoanalytic Approach

1. 3 Level of Awareness

Answer 11

• Tip of iceberg is conscious level, below is unseen

1. Conscious (small): Holds what you’re currently aware of. Verbalize about your conscious experience and think about it in logical fashion.
2. Preconscious (medium): Ordinary memory. Aren’t in the conscious, can be readily brought into conscious.
3. Unconscious (enormous): Not directly accessible to awareness. Dump box for urges, feelings and ideas that are tied to anxiety, conflict and pain.

Question 12

Freud Psychoanalytic Approach

1. Id:
2. Ego:
3. Supergo:
4. Pleasure Principle:
5. Reality Principle
6. Our 2 drives:

Answer 12

1. Unconscious part of personality that seeks pleasure and instant gratification. Satisfaction and Pleasure
2. (Id’s partner) Conscious part of personality. Meet demands of id in a socially appropriate way. Successfully dealing with environment.
3. Represents your moral conscience. Judges right and wrong of actions. Society,parents,phallic stage, school, religion.
4. Basis on which the id operates, feel good and maximize gratification
5. Basis on which the ego operates; find socially appropriate means to fulfill demands
6. Sex and aggression

Question 13

Defense Mechanisms (Freud’s Psycho-Analytic Theory)

• The use of defense mechanisms:
• 10 defense mechanisms:

Answer 13

• Ego has tools it could use as the mediator that helo defend the ego and find a way to achieve the goal. Makes both id and superego happy.

1. Denial: Not accepting that your music is terrible
2. Displacement: You’re angry at your mom, scream at your gf
3. Intellectualization: Focusing on the details of a funeral instead of sadness and grief
4. Projection: Accusing others of cheating, but you’re the one doing it.
5. Rationalization: Failing your exam, blaming it on teacher instead of your capabilities
6. Reaction Formation: You think people with glasses are losers, cover emotions up by complementing your glasses
7. Regression: Acting childlike-tantrums
8. Repression: Unconsciously forgetting the details of trauma
9. Sublimation: Violent as kid, become a boxer to act aggressively
10. Suppression: Intentionally pushing into uncoscnoius to forget something stressfu;

Question 14

1. What is Self-Efficacy?
2. Role of Self-Efficacy:
3. High Self-Efficacy characteristics
4. Low Self-Effcacy Characteristics

Answer 14

1. Person’s belief in their ability to succeed in a particular situation. Determins how we think, behave and feel
2. Identify goals they want to accomplish, things they’d like to change, things they’d like to achieve. How we approach our goals, tasks and challenges
3. Believe they can be successfull, take on challanges, participate, strong commitments, recover quickly
4. Avoid challenges, low chance at trying to succeed, give up, focus on the negative, lose confidence

Question 15

Bandura’s 4 Sources of Self Efficacy:

Answer 15

1. Mastery Experiences: Performing a task successfully strengthens our self-efficacy. Failing could undermine and weaken self-efficacy
2. Social Modelling: Witnessing others successfully may cause others to believe that they too possess the capabilities to master the task
3. Social Persuasion: When somone says something encouraging to help achieve a goal. Getting verbal encouragement helps overcome self-doubt
4. Psychological Responses: Moods,emotional states, physical reactions and stress levels can impact how a person feels about a situations. Nervous before public speaking=low self-efficacy. Learn how to minimize stress to imrpove self-efficacy

Question 16

Measuring Personality:

1. Reliability:
2. Validity

Answer 16

1. The degree to which a test yields consistent measurements of a trait. Extent to which the measurement of a particular behavious is consistent
2. The degree to which a test measures that trait that it was desgned to measure

Question 17

Reciprocal Determinism

Answer 17

• Constant interaction amongst ones behaviour, environment and thoughts
• Equals to personality