Term 2: Sexuality and reproduction

Question 1

What are three functions of the vagina?

Answer 1

• sexual intercourse
• discharge, secretion of fluids, menstruation
• provides a passageway for childbirth

Question 2

What are the three parts of the uterus?

Answer 2

• fundus
• corpus (body)
• cervix

Question 3

What is the function of the uterus?

Answer 3

To receive, retain and nourish a fertilized egg.

Question 4

What is the function of the fallopian tube?

Answer 4

• passagway for sperm to meet ovum
• provides site of fertilisation
• provides a nourishing environment for ovum/zygote
• transporting of ovum/zygote to uterus

Question 5

What are the functions of the ovaries?

Answer 5

• release hormones (oestrogen and progesterone)
• release eggs
• produce oocytes (immature ovum or egg)
• stimlautes ovum’s maturation during menstrual cycle

Question 6

What are the two parts of a women’s 28 day reproductive cycle?

Answer 6

Ovarian cycle and uterine (menstrual) cycle.

Question 7

What are the two stages of the ovarian cycle?

Answer 7

Pre-ovulatory (follicular) stage and post-ovulatory (luteal) stage.

Question 8

What happens during the pre-ovulatory phas?

Answer 8

• follicles develop and produce oestrogen. All stop growing except for one.
• the dominant follicle matures and the oocyte inside is nourished.
• before ovulation, the follicle ruptures releasing the ovum in to the fallopian tube = ovulation.

Question 9

What happens during the post ovulatory phase?

Answer 9

• after ovulation, the follicle that contained the ovum collapses.
• the remaining cells form a corpus luteum
• this secretes hormones for ten days to prepare endomentrium for fertilized ovum.
• if fertilisation does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates and becomes a white nodular scar (corpus albicans)

Question 10

What is the purpose of the uterine (menstrual) cycle?

Answer 10

Preparing uterus to receive fertilized egg.

Question 11

What are the three phases of the uterine cycle?

Answer 11

• menstrual phase (days 1-5)
• proliferative phase (days 6-14)
• secretory phase (days 15-28)

Question 12

What is FSH?

Answer 12

Follicle stimulating hormone.

• It is released by the anterior pituitary gland.
• stimulates growth and maturation of follicles in the ovary
• stimulates the production of oestrogen in the ovaries.

Question 13

What is oestrogen?

Answer 13

Produced and released by developing follicles in the ovaries

• stimulates growth of egg within the follicle
• stimulates production and release of LH and FSH.

Question 14

What is LH?

Answer 14

Luteinizing hormone.

• released by anterior pituitary gland.
• triggers ovulation
• promotes formation of corpus luteum and maintains structure and function of corpus luteum.

Question 15

What is progesterone?

Answer 15

• produced and released by corpus luteum in the ovary after ovulation or by the placenta in pregnancy.
• prepares the uterus for pregnancy.

Question 16

What is HCG?

Answer 16

Human chorionic gonadotropin.

• produced by embryo and placenta if fertilization occurs
• prevents the distintegration of the corpus luteum
• maintains progesterone development

Question 17

What is amenorrhoea?

Answer 17

Absense of menstruation.

Question 18

What is menorrhagia?

Answer 18

Excessive menstrual bleeding.

Question 19

What are examples of three genetic disorders?

Answer 19

• cystic fibrosis
• muscular dystrophy
• sickle cell disorder

Question 20

What are examples of three chromosomal disorders?

Answer 20

• downs syndrome
• turner syndrome
• klinefelter disorder

Question 21

Where does the production of sperm take place?

Answer 21

Seminiferous tubes.

Question 22

Testes are responsible for the secretion of testosterone true or false?

Answer 22

True.

Question 23

In the male reproductive system, what is ‘the duct system’ for?

Answer 23

Provides storage, development and movement of sperm.

Question 24

What is the function of the prostate gland?

Answer 24

Secretes a milky fluid to activate sperm.

Question 25

The penis is made up of two types of erectile tissue, what are they?

Answer 25

Corpora cavrenosa and the corpus spongiosum.

Question 26

What are some effects of testosterone?

Answer 26

- Stimulates the spermatogenesis and the maturation of sperm. - Libido - Stimulates metabolism. - Establishes and maintains secondary sex characteristics. - maintains accessory glands and organs of male reproductive tract.

Question 27

What is spermatogenesis?

Answer 27

The generation of sperm

Question 28

What hormones are needed for the generation of sperm?

Answer 28

Folicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH) and testosterone.

Question 29

What are common health issues that occur in the male reproductive system?

Answer 29

Prostate cancer and testicular cancer

Question 30

What is a teratogen?

Answer 30

A factor that causes malformation of an embryo

Question 31

How many weeks is a usual pregnancy?

Answer 31

40 weeks divided in to three trimesters.

Question 32

What are some common signs of pregnancy?

Answer 32

- ammenorrhoea - nausea and vomiting - tender breasts - pregnancy test - foetal heart beat

Question 33

What is an LMC?

Answer 33

Lead maternity carer.

Question 34

What does a nurse need to know/do when caring for a pregnant woman?

Answer 34

- needs to know obsetric history - medical history - pre pregnancy height and weight - pregnancy medications - smoking/alcohol status - diet - drug use

Question 35

What are some physiological changes that occur in trimester one of pregnancy?

Answer 35

- Morning sickness - breasts get larger and sore to prepare for milk - thirst increases due to more blood being produced - size of heart increases

Question 36

What are some physiological changes that occur in trimester two of pregnancy?

Answer 36

- internal organs become squashed - womb stretches 8X - lungs work harder - frequent urination due to fetus pushing on bladder

Question 37

What are some physiological changes that occur in trimester three of pregnancy?

Answer 37

- osteoclasts break down bones for calcium - braxton hicks - protein taken from mother's blood causing swelling

Question 38

What are some signs of labour?

Answer 38

- braxton hicks - dropping (fetus settles in to pelvic inlet and breathing becomes easier for mother) - ripening and dilation of cervix - increased vaginal discharge - weight loss - GI distribance - bloody show - rupture of the membranes - contractions

Question 39

What are the three phases of stage one of labour?

Answer 39

- latent - active - transition

Question 40

What occurs in the second stage of labour?

Answer 40

Birth of the baby.

Question 41

What occurs in the third stage of labour?

Answer 41

Expulsion of placenta and mother is assisted to breast feed the baby.

Question 42

What are some postnatal warning signs?

Answer 42

- excessive vaginal bleeding - offensive odour of discharge - uterine tenderness - elevated temperature - reddened breasts - pain on urination - swelling or pain in calf of leg - overwhelming anxiety or depression

Question 43

What are some pain relief options for labour?

Answer 43

- epidural - entenox (laughing gas) - pethidine - tens machine (electrical stimulation) - water, heat, massage

Question 44

What does 'gravida' mean?

Answer 44

Number of pregnancies, regardless of duration.

Question 45

What does 'nulligrivida' mean?

Answer 45

A woman who has never been pregnant.

Question 46

What does 'primigravida' mean?

Answer 46

First time being pregnant.

Question 47

What does 'para' mean? Eg. Primipara, multipara..

Answer 47

Number of births that have reached over 20 weeks. Regardless of whether the baby is alive or not at birth. - primipara is first child - multipara is a woman who has given birth to two or more.. etc.

Question 48

What does the epididymis do?

Answer 48

Carries sperm from the testes.

Question 49

What is an apgar score?

Answer 49

A score out of ten measuring heart rate, resp, muscle tone, reflex response, skin colour, babies physiological response. Done at 1 min and then again at 5 min.