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Biology year 10 (Term 3&4) > Term 3 > Flashcards

Term 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of an internal environment within a living organism despite. Internal or external changes to the environment.

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2
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

A

Stimulus, regulator, effects, response/communication

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3
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Some variables triggers a counteractive response, in order to come back to some set points.

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4
Q

Positive Feedback

A

Instead of getting a counteractive response to some variable, you’re instead intensify the variable.

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5
Q

Chemoreceptor

A

Chemical

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6
Q

Photoreceptor

A

Light

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7
Q

Mechanoreceptor

A

Touch, Pressure, Stretching, Motion, Sandwaves

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8
Q

Thermoreceptor

A

Heat

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9
Q

Nociceptor

A

Detects damage

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10
Q

How is Homeostasis Maintained?

Hormonal homeostasis pathways….

A

… involve the endocrine system, can be slow, chemical messengers, travelling in bloodstream

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11
Q

Natural Homeostasis Pathways

A

Involves the nervous system, is very rapid, Electric impulse, travelling along the nerves.

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12
Q

What is Hormonal Control?

A

Hormones are chemical messages produced by an organism to regulate the activity of cells and organs.
Endocrine-Travel long distances through the body to target cells.

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13
Q

The Endocrine System; in mammals

A

In mammals, hormonal are produced in the endocrine glands which are released directly into the blood vessels.

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14
Q

What systems work together to maintain homeostasis?

A

Endocrine and Nervous system

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15
Q

What does Hormones affect?

A

Hormones affects only certain tissue cell or organs called Target Organs.

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16
Q

Target Cells Must Have…. and why do they bind?

A

They must have protein receptors present on the cell membrane to allow the hormone to attach. Hormones must bind to the target cell to influence the cell.

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17
Q

The Flow of Information along Nervous System (3)

A
  1. Receptor detects a change in conditions (Stimulus)
  2. Receptor to the CNS by a sensory memory (message)
  3. CNS to an organ an (effector) carries out a response a motor Nevron carries the message.
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18
Q

What does CNS stand for?

A

Central Nervous System

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19
Q

What does PNS mean?

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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20
Q

Moto Nevron

A

Carry messages from the brain to allow us to move our muscles

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21
Q

Interneuron

A

Connect neuron to other neuron

22
Q

Sensory Neuron

A

Sensory neuron receive information from sense organs. Send sensory information to our brain and spinal cord.

23
Q

What is Thermoregulation

A

Thermoregulation is maintenance of a constant internal temperature of an organism independent of the temperature of the environment.

24
Q

Thermoregulation-What happens when the temperature approaches 10 degrees

A

As the temperature approaches 10 degrees enzymes activity shows when it is below this temperature

25
Q

Thermoregulation- What happens when the temperature is above 45 degrees?

A

Above 45 degrees enzymes start to denature, stopping metabolic activity.

26
Q

Where does Ectotherms get their body heat

A

They get their body heat mainly from their environment and can tolerate a reasonably wide range of body temperatures.

27
Q

What are Endotherms?

A

They are animals that can maintain a constant body temperature independent of the environment.

28
Q

Thermoregulatory Mechanisms:

  1. Physiological Mechanisms
    - Thermogenesis=
A

Is the production of heat within tissues to rise body temperatures.

29
Q

Thermoregulatory Mechanisms:
1. Physiological Mechanisms
Vasodilation=

A

Dilation of blood vessels in the skin

30
Q

Thermoregulatory Mechanisms:
1. Physiological Mechanisms
Vasoconstriction=

A

Construction of blood vessels in the skin

31
Q

Thermoregulatory Mechanisms:
1. Physiological Mechanisms
Evaporative heat loss

A

An arrangement of blood vessel in which heat flows from warmer to cooler blood usually reducing heat loss.

32
Q

Behavioural response:

kleptothermy

A

is any form of thermoregulation by which an animals steals the body heat of another animal

33
Q

Behavioural response:

Torpor:

A

Physical or mental inactivity in which the metabolic rate is lowered

34
Q

Behavioural response:

Hibernation

A

Is used to survive in winter

35
Q

Behavioural response:

Aestivation

A

Is used to survive summers

36
Q

Homeostatic Mechanism:

Thyroid hormones

A

Thyroid hormones increase metabolic rate

37
Q

Homeostatic Mechanism:

Insulin

A

Insulins rule in the thermoregulation is to activate genes that control body temperatures

38
Q

Structure Features:

Brown adipose tissues

A

Specialised for rapid heat production. Transfer energy from food into heat.

39
Q

Structure Features:

Increased number of mitochondria per cell

A

Enable organism to generate heat by increasing the rate at which they metabolise fats and sugar.

40
Q

Structure Features:

Insulations

A

Traps warm air to insulate organism

e.g, features, blubber

41
Q

What is difference between an infectious and non-infectious disease?

A

Infectious disease can spread, non-infectious cannot

42
Q

What are the two types of parasites?

A

Endo and Ecto

43
Q

Give three examples of non-infectious diseases

A

diabetes, obesity, cancer

44
Q

Which lines of defence are classed as the innate immune system?

A

1st and 2nd

45
Q

What is the role of the first line of defence?

A

To provide physical and chemical Barries to prevent the entry of pathogens

46
Q

What two processes are involved in the second line of defence?

A

Inflammation and Phagocytosis

47
Q

Which line of defence do cilia and mucus membrances

A

1st line

48
Q

list the 4 virulence factors that aid in pathogenesis

A

Adherence factors, invasion factors, capsules and toxins

49
Q

Epidemics

A

A widespread occurrence of a disease in a community at a particular time

50
Q

Pandemics

A

A disease that affects a whole country or the entire world (more to do with geographical spread of disease)

51
Q

Proportion of population that is immune or has been immuised herd immunity

A

Occurs when a large percentage of the populations is immunised against a disease to protect those people in a population who are especially vulnerable to infectious diseases

Biology year 10 (Term 3&4) (2 decks)

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