Term 3 Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
7.1
What is an ecological footprint?
A
The impact on the environment human actions has
2
Q
7.1
What percentage of the earth shows human modification?
A
Nearly 95% of the Earths surface shows human modification, 85% bearing evidence of multiple forms of human impact.
3
Q
7.1
What is deindustrialisation?
A
The relative decline in industrial employment in core industrial regions of the developed world.
4
Q
7.1
What is the rate of species loss?
A
Species loss is occuring at a rate at least 100x faster than pre-humanity. Also expexted to accelerate and result in anthropogenic mass extinction.
5
Q
7.1
Outline the power of humans to impact the planets natural environment.
A
- Taking more resources (destroying the lithosphere)
- Deforestation stops carbon sinks from regulating carbon dioxide in the lithosphere
- Putting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere destroying the carbon cycle.
6
Q
7.1
Explain what is meant by the concept of an ecological footprint.
A
The impact on the environment human actions have.
7
Q
7.1
State the maternal wellbeing of humanity that have impared maternal wellbeing?
A
- Telecommunications
- Green revolution
- Industrial revolution
8
Q
7.2
What are now the worlds urban population patterns?
A
The urban population stands at 3.7 billion and is projected to alsot double by 2030 (over 50% of the population)
9
Q
7.3
Nam the types of infastructure
A
Public and privatley owned areas, schools, hospitals, waste removal
10
Q
7.3
Explain why some of the most advanced infastructure is found in develoiping and not developed countries
A
Because developed countries put the technology in earlier and now they are older and less advanced.
11
Q
7.3
Outline the evolution of infastructure.
A
The industrial revolution helped popilarise energy. This caused steam power of public transport. The internal combustion engine caused rapod increase in car ownership and more efficiant road and building infastructure.
12
Q
7.4
What is subsistance agriculture?
A
Its where a farmer and their family consume most of what they produce.
13
Q
7.4
What is shifting cultivation? What is intensive subsistance agriculture?
A
Shifting cultivation maintains fertility of the soil by rotating cultivated fields. Intensive subsistance agriculture focuses on the effective and efficient use of small areas of land to maximise crop yeilds.
14
Q
7.4
What is pastoralism?
A
Pastoralism involves traditional practices around managing domesticated livestock such as cattle, goats, camels and reindeer.
15
Q
7.4
What is extensive commercial agriculture?
A
It uses relativley small impacts of labor, fertilisers and capital, relative to the land area being cleared.
16
Q
7.4
Identify the drivers of changing global patterns of economic activity.
A
Globalisatipn, interconnection due to advacments in telecommunications and the green revolution.
17
Q
7.4
What is agriculture?
A
he science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products.
18
Q
7.4
What are the differences between extensive commectial agriculture and intensive industrial agriculture.
A
Extensive commectial agriculture takes up a large area of land but doesnt have many environmental impacts. Extensive farming has alot of environmental impacts and is only farmed for monetary gain.
19
Q
7.4
What are some advantages of extensive agriculture?
A
- Use of native crops
- Doesnt need alot of water
- Better for native animal wellfair
20
Q
7.5
Define manufacturing. What contribution does it make to the global economy?
A
Manufacturing is producing goods for use or sale. It involves raw material processing or the assembily of component parts into finished doogs through human labor, tool use, machinery and chemical processing.
It is a key part of the glbal economy, accounting for nearly 14.4% of the global GDP in 2021.
21
Q
7.5
Define industrialisatipn. Where has it been most apparent? What have been its affects?
A
Deindustrialisarion is the moving of industrial labor, ussually from developed nations, to less developed nations due to cheaper labor.
It has caused many developing countries to rely on industrial work and service centres.
22
Q
7.5
Where are the worlds princible manufacturing regions?
A
- North America (Illinois, India, Texas)
- Eastern and Western Europe (Russia, Germany, England)
- South and East Asia (Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing)
23
Q
7.5
Outline the evolution for manufacturing.
A
First it was simple tools and weapons, The became more sophisticated with early artisan skills, pre-industrial world passed down skills, with home based manufacturing and supplimented sybsistence agriculture.
With the industrial revolution automated factories became popular in the UK. In the USA reliance on economies of scale also ensued. Factories centralised in industrial areas.
24
Q
7.6
Explain what an indigenous person is. What do indigenous people have in common?
A
Indigenous people are culturally distinct groups descended from the earliest known inhabitants of a particular place. They have strong connections to family, land, languaged and cultures.
25
# 7.6
Outline the impact that colonisers have had on indigenous peoples.
Many indigenous people are dispossesed of their lands and resources their cultures depended on. Indigenous people are still disdvantaged across a wide range of social and wellbeing issues. Much of the culture and language of the indigeous poeple was threatened or destroyed.
26
# 7.6
How is indigenous culture transported from one generation to the next.
Indigenous culture is mainley transmitted through oral learning and storytelling. This way of transmitting culture makes it a very delicate practice.
27
# 7.7
Report outlining the spatial distrubution and patterns of the worlds languages.
80% of the worlds population speakes 1% of its languages.
There are 7151 identified languages in the world. Nearley half of these languages are endanger of extinction this century.
28
# 8.1
What are the main drivers of integration?
* The process of cultural diffusion
* Adoption and adaption
* technological change
* The role of woeld trade
* Transactional corporations (E.g. Coca Cola and Nesle)
* World cities: lead the world in one specific area
* Migration and tourism
29
# 8.1
Define economic integration. What has driven this process?
Economic integration is the growing interdependence of natural economies. This is driven by a reduction in, and ultimatley the removal of, tariff and non-tariff barriers to the free movement of goods and services, and prodiction factors between countries.
30
# 8.1
What is the nature of economic activity during the 1970 and the 1990
**1970:**
- High economic growth rates
- Production of consumer goods by multi-plant, multi-product firms
- Began diversity and expanding by increain their market care.
- Merges and corporate takeovers
**1990**
- Forms focused on core activities leaving non-core activities to their special of providers
- Increased international competitors
- System of production, marketing and finance that uses international trade and communication to move goods, money, information and people between countries.
31
# 8.1
Explain the link between economic restructuring and deindustrialisation.
Developed worlds are deindustrialised because the labot is diverted to developing countries after a economic restructuring due to cheaper labor.
32
# 8.1
Explain what is meant by the term cultural integration. Where are its benifits? Where are the negative outcomes of the process?
Cultural integration is the blending of two or more cultures. The benifits are diversity and allowing people to combine culture and beliefes instead of assimilating into a culture. It can also be seen as a threat to national soeregnty and cultural diversity.
33
# 8.1
Explain the process of cultural change. What are the factors that can initiate this changes? What are the consiquences of these processes?
When cultures come into contact through migration, trade or telecommunication they have an impact on each other. This can cause cultures to re-evaluate and redefine. Some people also fear that this interaction coulf thrated cultural diversity.
34
# 8.1
Define cultural diffusion and distinguish between cultural adpotion and adaptation.
The spread of different cultural elements between countries nd peoples.
Cultural adoption: taking another culture to make it yours
Cultural adaptation: the integration of other cultures into someones own culture.
35
# 8.2
List the factors that determine the nature and rate of international integration over time.
* Advantages in transport and telecommunication technologies
* Size increase in ships and technological advances
* More specialised ships reduce costs
* Goods can now be transported on trains and trams for efficient transport.
* Huge investments in rail and road infastructure
* GPS and satelight based technologies.
36
# 3.2
Outline the role played by developments in shipping and cargo handeling technologies in the growth of international trade.
Growth in technologies has increased efficiency. meaning it is quicker and easier to transport goods and services.
37
# 8.2
Summarise the princible developments in land transportation.
* Extensive network of sattelights
* Investments in rail and road (specifically high speed rail)
38
# 8.2
Explain what hybrid technologies are and how might these revolutianise the way we live our lives.
Use more than one form of technologies on one device like access to numerous subscriptions.
39
# 8.2
Explain why the NBN has been such an important innovation in the Australian context.
It has significantly improved access to the internet for mainley individuals and buisnesess. It aims to connect 90% of Australian homes, schools and workplaces. Because of the large area of Austra.ia good internet access is essential and the NBN can help Australia.
40
# 8.2
Outline the impact of advanced telecommunications technologies on those living in developing countries.
Advanced teecommunication can largley help developing countries from connections to international buissnesses, education and opportunities.
41
# 8.3
Identify the developments that made the emergence of global supply chains possible. What are the princible drivers of these changes?
Advancments in transport and communications based technologies have facilitated new global trade patterns. The rapid expantion of world trade has been a highly significant development.
42
# 8.3
Outline the impact that the development of global supply chain has on the geography of manufacturing. What has been the impact on consumer prices, the avalability of consumer goods and housholds?
Deindustrialisation moved manufacturing labor out of developed countries to developing countries. This increased consimer prices in both developed and developing countries, This also decreased avalability of consumer goods and housholds.
43
# 8.3
Outline the political and social impacts of economic restructuring in the USA.
From political facilitated action the US was succesful in regions negativley impacted by economic restructuring by bringing manufactiring jobs back to the us. (Talking about deindustrialisation)
44
# 8.3
Outline the growth of TNC's. How have these corpotations changes the way they operate over time.
TNC (Trans-national corporations) ahve grown because of advancments in in smooth international trade routes.
45
# 8.3
State how the proliferation of TNCs has impacted on the sevreignty excercised by nation states.
Increased efficiency from the emergence of TNC's led to a major labor redistrubution with the relocation of labor-intensive manufacturing to the low cost countried of East abd South Asia.
46
# 8.4
Define cultural imperialism and outline what it involves.
Cultural imperialism involves the promotion or imposition of a culture, ussually a politically powerful nation/culture, over a less powerful one.
47
# 8.4
What is popular culture?
International culture that is widespread and has individuals that promote and talk about it.
48
# 8.4
Outline the princible concern about cultural imperialism. Explain wether this concern can be sustained.
Cultural imperialism count water down an individual culture and could break it into nothing. Thsi concern can be explained through the loss of cultures and laguages around the world due to americanisation.
49
# 8.4
Explain why the proliferation of US-based social media platforms has proved especially problematic.
The concernt of privacy issues, tax avoidance of large companies, and the distrubution of fake news and the live-streaming of terror related violence.
50
# 8.4
Explain why the relationship between movies and culture involves a complex dynamic.
Alot of culture comes from movies because we watch so many movies. Especially films made in America.
51
# 8.4
Outline how the focus of the film industry has changed over the couse of the 20th century.
* Going to more diverse audiences
* Becoming a mre dominant international cultural form
* Has started to reinforce national identities and cultures
52
# 8.5
Define the term world city. Why are these cities important? What role to they play in the global community?
World cities are cities that lead the world in a specific area of trade and manufacture.
These cities ar eimportant control centres for global trade and the trade of the material wouldnt be easy without the city. They play a key role in the global economy.
53
# 8.5
Outline the factors that led to the emergence of world cities.
Although world cities have existed for thousands of years, the age of colonialism and the industrial revolution ushered a new era of world city authority.
54
# 8.5
Outline the relationship of globalisation and the emergence of world cities.
Because of globalisation, opportunities for colonialism, trade and imperialism cause a large emergence of strong world cities.
55
Outline how the nature of world city authority has changed over time.
World cities used to be the imperialism and colonialis from large world superpowers. However, modern world cities are powerful through trade and TNC's.
56
# 8.5
Outline the charactaristics of world cities.
* Most of the leading global market for commodities, ivestment capital, foreign exchange, equities (Shares) and bonds.
* Advanced buissness services
* Corporate headquarters
* Most inetrnationally influential mefia organisations, news and information services
* World leading educational institutes and research institutes
57
# 8.5
Explain why Sydney and Melborn are classified as world cities.
Because of their large banking and financial institutuons.
58
# 8.5
Outline the role of world cities
World cities are the command amd control cetres of the global economy.
59
# 8.5
Explain why world cities are described as centres of cultural authority.
World cities are centres of cultural authority. This is because world cities are the most powerful, internationally influential and monetarily avalable media organisations, news and information services with can spread significant culture from the world cities to others.
60
# 8.6
Define cultural integration.
Cultural integration occurs when people from one cyulture adopt elements of another, while maintaining their own.
61
# 8.6
Explain what is meant by the term melting pot.
The term melting pot is used to describe the many cultures coming together to form a more diverse culture.
62
# 8.6
Outline how migrants contribute to the culture of place in which they settle.
Migrants bring elements of their culture into their new communities. Either they assimilate into their new communities culture, integrate their own culture into the existing communities or make their own community in their new home.
63
# 8.6
Outline the benifits of migrant-based international integration
It can promote intercultural understanding and foster a greater sence of unity within communities.
64
# 8.6
Explain how multiculturalism is different from assimilation.
Assimilation removes a persons culture to fit into a new community. Multiculturalism is the intergration of ones culture into an existing community.
65
# 8.7
Outline the relationship between tourism and international integration.
Tourisms contribultuion to international integration was the speed in which it spread.
66
# 8.7
Define tourism. What does it encompass?
Tourism is an individuals exploration of new countries, beliefes and cultures. It encompasses people from both developing and developed countries.
67
# 8.7
Explain tourisms economic importance.
Tourism is one of the most important drivers of economic integration. Tourism makes up 2.1% of the Gobal GDP and brings in $57.1 billion dollars.
68
# 8.7
Outline the nature of cultural tourism.
Cultural tourism includes educational tours, performing arts events, festivals, pilgrimages, visits to monuments and the study if nature, folklore and art.
69
# 8.7
Explain why the growth of the worlds middle class has been a key factor in the growth of international tourism.
Middle and upper class individuals can afford holidays and international tourist destinations. The increase in middle class individuals causes more people to afford holidays and tourist destinations.
70
# 8.7
Outline the benifits and costs of tourism.
**Benifits**
* Social: Individuals further understaiding of the world around them causing more empathy and compassion
* Economic: good money for developing countries
* Environmental: helpes fund conservation and rehabilitation efforts.
**Costs**
* Economic: Large tourist companies destroying local culture and community for economic gain. Making it so that developing countries rely on tourism and developed countries more.
* Environmental: Environmental costs caused by unruly tourists littering and transportation routes.
71
# 9.1
Explain what is meant by fertility rate and replacment rate. What happens if the fertility remains below the replacment rate for a prolonged perioud?
The fertility rate us the average number of children a woman will have.
The replacment rate is the level of fertility at wich a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next.
If the fertility rate remains below the replacment rate these would be a rapid decline in the population and a slanted difference between the population of elderley pople and young children.
72
# 9.1
Outline the key demographic trends and their implication for the populations of Africa, Latin America, Asia
Africa's population is expected to double due to high fertility rates, increasing life expectancy, and a large youth population under 15.
South America shows varied population patterns, influenced by contrasts between developing nations and more developed ones like Chile and Brazil.
Most Asian countries are experiencing population decline, except India, which has a large population under 25.
In Europe, fertility rates are largely declining due to the prevalence of developed countries.
73
# 9.1
Outline the challenges posed by high rates of population growth.
More demand for resources and facilities that will start being harder to access with a growing population.
It will also degrade and pressure bio[hysical environments. Meeting energy needs could accelerate the rate of climate change.
74
# 9.1
Distinguish between the terms population distribution and population density. Outline the factors that determine distribution of the world population.
Population density is measured by the number of people per square km. Population distribution shows patterns of population density in an area. Factors that determine population distribution are land mass and developed or developing countries.
75
# 9.2
Explain how the rate of natural increase is determined?
The rate if natural increase of a population is determined by calculating the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate.
76
# 9.2
State where birth rates are highest?
Birth rate was highest during the 1960's
77
# 9.2
Outline the global pattern of fertility.
| highest and lowest, how many levels below the replacment rate.
Nearley all countries have a declining fertility rate especially developed countries like Western Europe and Australia. India and Niger have a large fertility rate still.
78
# 9.2
Outline the factors that affect fertility rates.
* Levels of economic and social wellbeing
* Infant mortality rate
* The importance of children as part of a families labor force
* Levels of urbanisation
* Education and employment opportunities for women
* The average age of marrage
* The cost of raising children
79
# 9.2
Summarise where mortality rates are the highest. What factors affect mortaloty rates.
Sierra Leone has the highest morality for children where 75 out of 1000 die before their first birthday. and central africa republic. Because of war, famine, no hygene regulations and lack of medicine.
80
# 9.2
Account for the decline in mortality rates and increased life expectancy.
There is a connection as they both relate to medical expertise and resources, hygene, food and clean water.
81
# 9.2
Identify the charactaristics of a succesful population policy.
* Must be associated with programsd that promote economic and social development.
* Coencieve policies are rarley succesful
* Well-organised
* Govorment initiated
* emphasisie birth control and family planning
82
# 9.3
Outline the various perspectives on the extent to which world population growth represents a major challange.
* Environmental impacts like deforestation, desertification and land degregation
* Economic impacts like increased global inequalities and food security
* Social impacts like population movements.
83
# 9.3
Outline the impacts that population growth is societies persuing a subsistence lifestyle has on the environment.
COnsiquences for a growing population is the need for deforestation to build infastricture, desertification due to climate change, land degredation from bad agricultural practices and air and water pollution from polluted cities.
84
# 9.3
What is meant by the term industrial agriculture. What are its charactaristic features?
Industrial agriculture is a term used for farming tactics used after WW2. This is land clearing and crop switching.
85
# 9.3
Define air pollution and water pollution.
Air pollution is the persistence of any chemical into the atmosphere in concentrations large enouh to inflict harm.
This is the same for water pollution.
86
# 9.3
Distinguish between natural and human-made air pollution.
Natural pollutants are typically stored over the globe they are diluted or removed by chemical cycles, precipitation and gravity.
Human pollutants relate to industrial and rban areas are concentrated.
87
# 9.3
Distinguish between point and nonpoint sources of water pollution.
Point sources: discharge pollutants into water bodies at specific locations (Easy to locate).
Non-point sources: include chemicals that wash into drains from streets, carparks, construction sites and lawns and fertilisers and pesticides in food production.
88
# 9.3
Define the term quality of life.
Quality of life refers to an individuals overall wellbeing and that of a population.
89
# 9.4
What factors play a role in the growth of resource exploitation?
Economic growth and improved lifestyles.
90
# 9.4
What do we know about the distribution and consumption of natural resources.
Earths physical processes create an uneven distribution of global resources.
91
# 9.4
Outline the relationships between natural resources and population distribution.
* Fertile soil distribution and rainfall greatley influence population concentrations
* The uneven distribution of mineral ones disperses populations, often into remote areas
92
# 9.4
Outline how population composition, life expectancy, and income and wealth impact the environment.
A larger population with a higher life expectancy, income and wealth negativley impact the environment from resource exploitation.
93
# 9.4
List the indicators of environmental stress
* Increasing greenhouse gas emmisions
* Ozone depletion
* Acid rain
* Deforedtation
* Loss of biodiversity
* Water and food shortages
* Deforestation
* Loss of topsoil
94
# 9.4
Outline evidence of humans reckless use of natural resources and the inequalities evident in resource use.
* LCimate change
* Shrinking freshwater reserves
* fish stocks and forests
* Fertile land erosion
* Habitat loss leading to species exploitation
95
# 9.4
Ouline the link between resource exploitation and human wellbeing.
An increase in human wellbeing causes an increase in resource exploitation.
96
# 10.1
Define a place
Places are perts of Earths surface identified and given meaning by people.
97
# 10.1
Outline the physical and cultural charactaristics of place.
* Landforms and people
* Scenic quality and culture
98
# 10.1
Define place perception.
Place perceprion refers to our awarness of places and the particular opinions we have about them.
99
# 10.1
Explain whan we mean by the term culture of place. How does this develope?
Culture of place relates to those charactaristics of place that make it what it is, or the meaning poeple ascribe to it.
100
# 10.1
Define morphology.
The morphology of places- their functional form and character- results from the interactions of natural and cultural processes.
101
# 10.1
State the 5 interconnected elements of indigenous culture.
In terms of indigenous cultures, land, family, lore, ceremony and language are the five key interconnected elements.
102
# 10.1
Describe the nature of the connections of indigenous people have with the land.
Families are connected to the land through the kinship system, and this connection to land comes with specific roles and responsibilities, which are enshrined in the lore and observed through ceremony.
103
# 10.1
Outline the impacts of identity on the indigenous people after colonialisation.
Because of the disconnection from indigenous peoples culture due to colonialisation, this has a deep impact on their sence of identity and belonging.
104
# 10.1
Outline the ways in which history leaves its imprint on the morphology of cities.
The nature and character of places are often the unplanned outcome of processes occuring over long periouds through accuiring successive generations of building activity.
105
# 10.1
outline the ways in which social factors influence the nature and character of places.
Social forms often find expression in the physical layout of urban place and coversley new physical forms produce or reproduce various social forms.
E.g. well-lands caped public spaces encourage interactions.
106
# 10.1
define social isolation and locational disadvantage.
Low-density urban sprawl, poorly serviced by public transport and social infastructure, can cause social isolation and locational disadvantage.
107
# 10.1
Define interculturality and multiculturalism.
Interculturality is an approach that focuses on the pluralist transformation of urban and public places.
Multiculturalism is a system of beliefes and behaviors recognising and respecting the presence of people from all cultural backgrounds.
107
# 10.1
Outline the role of culture in determining culture of place.
Change in popular culture like diverse culturel backgrounds bringing their culture into other communities.
108
# 10.3
State how fashion retailing has been transformed by globalisation.
Fashion retailing has increasingly become more global. Australia’s largest cities commonly host a wide variety of international fashion retailers. The internet has also transformed the way people purchase goods throughout the world. Customers can now source their favourite brands from online retailers based anywhere in the world and have them delivered to their doorstep in days. 8 out of 10 Australians shop online in general and clothing is the most common purchase by far.
109
# 10.3
Outline the importance of fashion and how it represents a form of cultural expression.
From a cultural perspective, fashion represents an important form of identity and self-expression. It plays a vital part in defending a person's identity. How someone dresses helps to communicate who they are or want to be. Clothing has enabled people to identify themselves publicly.
110
# 10.3
Describe the nature of the global fashion industry as it exists today.
Most clothing was custom-made by local tailors and dressmakers until the mid-1880s. Once the Industrial Revolution kicked in, the mass production of clothing in different ranges of standard sizes arose. As we embraced globalisation, clothing became a global undertaking. In the modern fashion industry, most clothes are designed in one country, manufactured in another, and then sold worldwide.
111
# 10.3
Identify and describe each stage of the components of the fashion industry.
* There are 4 key components of the fashion industry:
* Production of raw materials: fibres, textiles and leather
* Production process: designers and manufacturers
* Marketing: advertising and promotion
* Retailing
112
# 10.4
Explain the concept of brand image.
Brand image us people’s perception of a brand of a good or service. It is the unique bundle of associations that develop in customer’s minds. It represents what the brand stands for and the set of beliefs held about it, along with customers' perception of the product and its positioning in the market.
113
# 10.5
Explain how the revolution in telecommunications transformed our engagement with sport.
Due to the easy accessibility to watch sports engagement has surged in popularity as sports lovers from across the world can watch their favourite sports from completely different countries for example for basketball and soccer the premier league and nba have a high percentage of viewers outside of America and England.
114
# 10.5
Outline how the process of cultural integration has transformed sport.
Sport has been significantly transformed by the process of cultural integration, with athletes from diverse backgrounds bringing new skills, styles, and perspectives to the global sporting stage. This has led to a more inclusive and exciting sporting landscape, with increased competition and innovation. As well as this sport teams of certain countries face off against others the fifa World Cup is a great example of this.
115
# 10.5
Identify and describe the factors that played a role in the globalisation of sport.
Media: Television, satellite, and digital media have made it possible to broadcast sporting events live to a global audience, creating a massive market for sports.
Communication: The internet and social media have facilitated the rapid spread of sports news, highlights, and cultural exchange.
Transportation: Advances in air travel have made it easier for athletes, coaches, and fans to travel across the globe.
116
# 10.5
Outline the trends in the diversity of the world's languages. What has been the impact on indigenous languages by these trends?
Five languages- Mandarin Chinese, English, Russian, Spanish and Hindi are spoken by 50% of the world's population. However, in 2021 the scientific journal estimated 1500 of all languages (6511) could be lost by the end of the century if there is no immediate intervention. Due to fewer people learning indigenous languages not just the language could be lost but the culture, identity and history. This could cause indigenous culture to go extinct especially with Australians indigenous peoples.
117
# 10.5
Outline the link between cultural and economic integration and the rise of economic nationalists.
Most of the population learns the 5 main languages due to easy economic communication. State governments have acted to protect existing rural landscapes. Switzerland implemented measures to protect its characteristics, rural landscape and traditional supplements.
118
# 10.5
Explain the link between cultural integration and the rise of religious fundamentalism.
Cultural integration has not been universally embraced, leading to divisions emerging in the countries of the developed world that have fuelled the polarisation within the political sphere. More conservative individuals who are opposed to change often resent the social and cultural changes that clash with their values or beliefs, such as the growing gap between the rich and the poor. This includes religious fundamentalists, who seek to defend key theological and ideological beliefs, and traditional social and cultural practices, against the challenge posed by Western cultural and social trends.
119
# 10.6
Outline the issues that concern those opposed to cultural integration. Applying and communicating geographical understanding
Those opposed to cultural integration often cite fears of losing cultural identity, increased social tensions, economic competition, and security threats as key concerns. These views are frequently linked to geographic factors, with rural areas and regions with lower immigration rates often showing more resistance.
120
# Case study/ 10.7
State what is unique about Dubai as an example of cultural integration. What has been used to drive Dubai's transformation into a major, well-connected, destination with a unique culture of place? How has this changed over time?
Central to Dubai's emergence as a global city has been its successful integration of immigrant groups. The UAE's indigenous population is relatively small but incredibly wealthy, and immigrant expatriates account for about 85% of the population. There is a relaxed accommodation of cultural differences.
121
# Case Study/ 10.7
Describe Dubai's location. Speculate to whom its location has proved beneficial, in terms of its ambition to be a global hub in the aviation industry.
Dubai is on the Persian Gulf on the north-east end of the Arabian Peninsula. The long sand dunes and two distinct calm climates give huge spaces to build infrastructure fast and efficiently. The calm weathers cause Dubai to be a great aviation industry as flying in and out of the city is easy with the weather conditions.
122
# Case Study/ 10.7
Outline how the climate and topography of Dubai have helped to shape the emirate's culture of place.
The climate of the region helps shape the culture of place. Dubai has a hot desert climate with two distinct seasons - summer and winter. Summer is from late April to early October, with temperatures regularly reaching above 38°C with humidity that makes outdoor activities uncomfortable. Winter is from late October to early April, offering much more pleasant weather that is more suited for outdoor activities. Rainfall usually occurs in winter and doesn’t occur in summer, but in summer the windy conditions create frequent dust storms. Dubai's topography is dominated by fine, white sandy deserts and a flat coastline, with darker reddish sand dunes East of the city. The desert is the emirate's most popular tourist attraction, with four-wheel drive dune bashing, quad bike adventures and camel safaris acting as incredibly popular examples of adventure tourism.
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# Case Study/ 10.7
Outline Dubai's demographic characteristics. How does the demographic diversity of Dubai contribute to its unique culture of place?
Islam and the Arab way of life are central to Dubai’s cultural character and culture of place. The influence of Islamic and Arab culture is evident in the city's architecture and lifestyle- its religious observances, customs, cuisine, clothing and music. While Islam plays a significant role in society's fabric, there are constraints on freedom of speech and gender-biassed roles.
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# Case study/ 10.7
Examine the extent to which the Arab culture impacts what people wear in Dubai.
Emiratis typically wear traditional clothing. Men wear an ankle-length, loose-fitting garment made of white cotton, known as a kandora or dishdasha. A ghutra covers the head and is held in place by the agal, a black cord. Traditionally, women wear a long, black, flowing light coat, known as an abaya. A shayla, a black scarf, covers the head. Non-Emirates and tourists are generally accepted to wear any clothing type they wish to wear. However, female visitors are expected to avoid revealing too much skin and swimwear is generally only permissible on beaches, pools and spa areas, and for water-based entertainment.
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# Case study/ 10.7
Outline the extent to which non-Islamic religions are accepted in Dubai.
There are limits to the tolerance of non-islamic religions. During the month of Ramadan, it is illegal to publicly eat, drink or smoke between sunrise and sunset. This law applies to Muslims and non-Muslims. Clothing regulations are set for both Muslims and non-Muslims.
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# Case Study/ 10.7
Describe Dubai's status (ranking) as a world city.
Out of all the global cities, Dubai ranks around the middle with an index ranking of 16, which places it right behind Sydney. The index’s criteria includes measures such as housing, public realm, urban green space, social infrastructure and climate change.
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# Case Study/ 10.7
utline the connectivity of Dubai with the rest of the world. How does this connectivity reflect the economic ambitions of Dubai's rulers?
Dubai is one of the world's most connected cities which makes it a major hub for air and sea travel.
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# Case Sudy/ 10.7
Outline the role tourism plays in Dubai's emerging culture of place. What are the emirate's major tourist attractions?
17 million tourists visited Dubai in 2019 and received accommodation from over 700 different hotels and resorts, with European tourists in particular flocking to escape cold winters. Dubai's tourist attractions include the Burj Khalifa, the Dubai Mall and Fountain, Palm Jumeirah and the famous Atlantis Resort and the emirate's desert dunes. There are also several theme parks such as IMG Worlds of Adventure, Legoland Dubai, Motiongate, Bollywood Parks and there are also several indoor ski slopes and waterparks.
