Term-Definition

Question 1

The capacity to do work or bring about change

Answer 1

Energy

Question 2

Anything that has mass and occupies space.

Answer 2

Matter

Question 3

Stored energy due to position or structure

Answer 3

Potential Energy

Question 4

Energy stored in chemical bonds(type of Potential Energy)

Answer 4

Chemical Energy

Question 5

Energy of motion

Answer 5

Kinetic Energy

Question 6

Energy associated with the movement of molecules(type of Kinetic Energy)

Answer 6

Thermal Energy

Question 7

Transfer of thermal energy

Answer 7

Heat

Question 8

Breaks down molecules, releasing energy

Answer 8

Catabolic Pathways

Question 9

Builds complex molecules, consuming energy

Answer 9

Anabolic Pathways

Question 10

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed

Answer 10

First law of Thermodynamics

Question 11

Energy transformations increase entropy (disorder) in the universe

Answer 11

Second law of Thermodynamics

Question 12

Measure of disorder or randomness

Answer 12

Entropy

Question 13

The portion of a system’s energy available to do work

Answer 13

Free Energy (ΔG)

Question 14

Absorbs free energy (ΔG > 0, nonspontaneous).

Answer 14

Endergonic Reaction

Question 15

Releases free energy (ΔG < 0, spontaneous).

Answer 15

Exergonic Reaction

Question 16

Occurs without energy input (exergonic, -ΔG).

Answer 16

Spontaneous Process

Question 17

Requires energy input (endergonic, +ΔG).

Answer 17

Nonspontaneous Process

Question 18

Breakdown of a molecule using water.

Answer 18

Hydrolysis

Question 19

Joining molecules by removing water

Answer 19

Dehydration Synthesis

Question 20

Primary energy carrier in cells.

Answer 20

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Question 21

ATP Hydrolysis Equation

Answer 21

ATP → ADP + Pᵢ + Energy

Question 22

Using energy from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction

Answer 22

Reaction Coupling

Question 23

Process of regenerating ATP by breaking down glucose

Answer 23

Cellular Respiration

Question 24

Minimum energy required for a reaction to proceed

Answer 24

Activation Energy

Question 25

Catalyst that lowers activation energy

Answer 25

Enzyme

Question 26

Region where substrate binds in an enzyme

Answer 26

Active Site

Question 27

Enzyme changes shape to bind substrate

Answer 27

Induced Fit

Question 28

Reduction

Answer 28

Gain of electrons

Question 29

Oxidization

Answer 29

Loss of electrons

Question 30

Oxidizing Agent

Answer 30

Accepts electrons

Question 31

Reducing Agent

Answer 31

Donates electrons

Question 32

OIL RIG

Answer 32

Oxidation(reducing) Loses Reduction(oxidizing) Gains

Question 33

Transfers electrons in respiration.

Answer 33

NAD+/NADH

Question 34

Direct ATP formation.

Answer 34

Substrate-level Phosphorylation

Question 35

ATP production via electron transport

Answer 35

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 36

Breakdown of glucose in cytoplasm.

Answer 36

Glycolysis

Question 37

Converts pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA

Answer 37

Pyruvate Oxidaiton

Question 38

Completes glucose breakdown, produces electron carriers.

Answer 38

Citric Acid Cycle

Question 39

Transfers electrons, pumps H⁺ ions

Answer 39

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Question 40

H⁺ gradient drives ATP synthesis

Answer 40

Chemiosmosis

Question 41

Anaerobic process producing ATP without oxygen

Answer 41

Fermentation

Question 42

Converts pyruvate to lactate.

Answer 42

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Question 43

Produces ethanol and CO₂.

Answer 43

Alcohol Fermentation

Question 44

Organisms that produce their own food (e.g., plants).

Answer 44

Autotrophs

Question 45

Organisms that obtain food from other organisms.

Answer 45

Heterotrophs

Question 46

Photosynthesis Equation

Answer 46

CO₂ + H₂O + Light Energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂

Question 47

Convert light energy into ATP and NADPH.

Answer 47

Light Reactions

Question 48

Uses ATP, NADPH, and CO₂ to produce glucose precursors.

Answer 48

Calvin Cycle