Term list

Question 1

pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

what the BODY does to the drug

Question 2

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 2

what the DRUG does to the body

Question 3

Pharmacogenomics

Answer 3

studies how a person’s genes affect how they respond to medications

Question 4

Hydrophobic

Answer 4

nonpolar; avoid water

Question 5

Hydrophilic

Answer 5

polar; water loving

Question 6

Passive Diffusion

Answer 6

follows concentration gradient, molecules across semipermeable membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration and does not require energy

Question 7

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 7

uses channel/carrier proteins to help selective molecules move across a cell membrane down their concentration gradient without energy input from cell

Question 8

Active Transport

Answer 8

carrier mediated; movement of ions/molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and require energy.

Question 9

Drug tolerance

Answer 9

progressively diminished response to a drug at a certain dose following repeated exposure.

Question 10

Tachyphlaxis

Answer 10

sudden decrease in effectiveness after taking a medication

Question 11

Desensitization

Answer 11

reduced responsiveness of a receptor to continuous/repeated stimulation by an agonist (creates action)

Question 12

Downregulation

Answer 12

the process of reducing or suppressing a response to a stimulus.

Specifically: Reduction in a cellular response to a molecule due to a decrease in the number of receptors on the cell surface

Question 13

Upregulation

Answer 13

the process of increasing the response to a stimulus.

Specifically : Increase in a cellular response to a molecular stimulus due to increase in the number of receptors on the cell surface. upregulate

Question 14

Allosteric

Answer 14

anywhere but active site; allosteric site allows molecules to either activate or inhibit, or turn off, enzyme activity

Question 15

Orthosteric

Answer 15

binding site

Question 16

Affinity

Answer 16

how avidly a drug binds to its receptor

Question 17

Potency

Answer 17

drug dose required to produce given percentage of its maximal effect

Question 18

Efficacy

Answer 18

refers to drug’s ability to activate its receptor once it has become bound.

Efficacy tells us how good a drug is at producing a desired effect

Question 19

Therapeutic Window

Answer 19

the ratio between dosage that cause toxic effect (TD) and dosage that causes therapeutic effect (ED)

The dose range of a drug that provides safe and effective therapy with minimal adverse effects

Question 20

Agonist

Answer 20

a ligand that binds to and activates a receptor eliciting a physiological response.

Question 21

Antagonist

Answer 21

inhibit action of an agonist but have no effect in absence of agonist

Question 22

Chemical Antagonist

Answer 22

one drug binds to another drug making it unavailable to bind to its receptor

Question 23

Physiological Antagonist

Answer 23

the effect of one drug causes physiological effect opposite to action of another drug

Question 24

Partial Agonist

Answer 24

binds to receptor at active site but produces only a partial response, even when all receptors are occupied.

Question 25

Inverse Agonist

Answer 25

ligand that binds to receptor eliminating basal or constitutive activity

Question 26

Positive Allosteric Modulator (PAM)

Answer 26

modulators that act to enhance the function of a receptor in the presence of agonist but are not able to directly activate the receptor in the absence of agonist.

Question 27

Negative Allosteric Modulator (NAM)

Answer 27

Inhibits or decreases activity of receptor

Question 28

Placebo

Answer 28

Placebos are inactive substances or interventions, most often used in controlled studies for comparison with potentially active drugs.

Question 29

Bioavailability

Answer 29

how quickly and how much of a drug reaches its intended target

Question 30

Volume of distribution (Vd)

Answer 30

relates to theoretical volume of fluid into which total drug dose administered would have to be diluted to produce required plasma concentration. Vd = dose/[drug]plasma

Question 31

Clearance

Answer 31

equal to the rate at which a drug is removed from plasma(mg/min) divided by the concentration of that drug in the plasma (mg/mL) … (rate of drug elimination divided by the plasma concentration of the drug)

Question 32

Half-life

Answer 32

time it takes for the concentration of the drug in the plasma or the total amount in the body to be reduced by 50%

Question 33

Prodrug

Answer 33

pharmacologically inactive compounds

Question 34

Compliance

Answer 34

refers to the degree or extent of conformity to the recommendations about day-to-day treatment by the provider with respect to the timing, dosage, and frequency

Question 35

Loading Dose:

Answer 35

Loading doses are a single or multiple set of doses given to a patient to attain desired drug levels more rapidly than the three to five half-lives that occur in a continuous intravenous infusion

Question 36

Maintenance Dose

Answer 36

is the dose of drug that is to be administered to keep the plasma concentration of a drug within a certain level at steady state.