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GEOG 271 > Term Test 1 > Flashcards

Term Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

A set of mathematical procedures and principles that are used to gain information and make decisions with some certainty

A

Statistics

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2
Q

Involves collecting, summarizing, and presenting data using numerical and graphical techniques

A

Descriptive statistics

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3
Q

Involves making estimates, decisions, predictions, or other generalizations about data using a sample

A

Inferential statistics

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4
Q

Method of drawing conclusions after observing facts and/or cause and effect scenarios, is less accurate, goes from specific to general information

A

Inductive reasoning

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5
Q

Method of drawing conclusions by producing an explanation and then testing it by observing facts, is more accurate, goes from general information to specific conclusions

A

Deductive reasoning

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6
Q

When researchers use statistics to pursue knowledge-gathering, they are employing a

A

Scientific methodology

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7
Q

The process of trying to prove theories and hypotheses wrong, involved in the process of deduction

A

Falsification

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8
Q

AKA the scientific method, using reasoning, observation, and experimentation to test a hypothesis

A

Hypothetico-deductive method

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9
Q

A forecast or extrapolation of what is to come, the less simple the better

A

Prediction

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10
Q

A controlled investigation designed to evaluate incomes

A

Experiment

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11
Q

The combining of a body of scientifically collected fact into a simple statement

A

Idealization

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12
Q

Relating apparently unconnected information or phenomena to the same concept

A

Unification

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13
Q

Can be quantitative or qualitative, information and/or observations about something

A

Data

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14
Q

A collection of information that consists of observations and variables for some phenomenon

A

Dataset

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15
Q

The measurement of the quality of something, non-numerical

A

Qualitative

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16
Q

The measurement of the quantity of something, numerical

A

Quantitative

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17
Q

A hypothesis or set of equations that provides a simplified explanation of something being studied

A

Model

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18
Q

An unproven statement concerning cause-and-effect that can be tested

A

Hypothesis

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19
Q

A hypothesis that has repeatedly been proven correct

A

Law

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20
Q

A number of interrelated laws, explains why phenomena occur

A

Theory

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21
Q

A characteristic that can be measured for an observation of data, something that can vary

A

Variable

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22
Q

The act of knowing and recording something that has measurable characteristics or variables

A

Observation

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23
Q

Changes in the quantitative or qualitative measure of observations for a variable, suggests uncertainty

A

Variation

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24
Q

A complete set of measurements, objects, or outcomes related to some phenomena under study

A

Statistical population

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25
A subset of observations from a population
Sample
26
Numerical characteristic of a population
Parameter
27
Determined by chance, without pattern or plan
Random
28
The probability that a statistical conclusion is correct
Significance
29
Manipulation or effect applied to observations being used in an experiment
Treatment
30
The collection of data from a subset of a population without using any treatments
Observational study
31
Description, prediction, explanation, and control
The four goals of science
32
Data collected directly from an original source by a researcher
Primary data
33
Data collected by others, often has issues with unknown data errors
Secondary data
34
Value of data is determined by assigning qualitative units of measurement, ex. political party affiliation
Nominal measurement scale
35
Value of data is numerical and determined in rank order, but have no meaningful mathematical distance between rankings ex. ranked lists (10 best cities to live in Canada)
Ordinal measurement scale
36
Value of data is numerical and determined in rank order, and there are meaningful units of distance to separate numbers but no absolute zero ex. temperature scales
Interval measurement scale
37
Value of data is numerical and determined in rank order, there are meaningful units of distance to separate numbers and there IS an absolute zero ex. comparing precipitation amount and 0 means 0 precipitation
Ratio measurement scale
38
Refers to how close measurements are to each other
Precision error
39
Refers to how close measurements are to the 'true' value being measured
Accuracy error
40
Refers to when the variable is not appropriate to answer the question of the experiment
Validity error
41
Refers to errors that can develop when measurements are made across time and/or space
Reliability error
42
Data is classified into equal-width intervals
Equal intervals based on range
43
Data is classified based on convenience or practical decisions
Equal intervals not based on range
44
Data is classified into intervals that contain the same number of data observations
Quantile breaks
45
Data is classfied based on natural intervals in the data
Natural breaks
46
Data is classfied based on natural intervals in the data
Natural breaks
47
Graph with a number line covering the range of data values for one variable
Dot plot
48
Chart with categorical non-numerical data for a single variable grouped into class intervals placed along the x-axis and frequency count along the y-axis
Bar chart
49
Chart with categorical data for a single variable arranged as portions within a circle
Pie chart
50
Graph that displays the shape of the numerical data of a single variable; x-axis shows the range and y-axis displays the frequency. These can be unimodal or bimodal
Histogram
51
Chart that plots numerical frequency data as points that are connected by a line
Frequency plot (or polygon)
52
Chart that plots numerical frequency data in a format with successive additions of the values in each increasing interval
Cumulative frequency plot (or ogive)
53
Chart that summarizes numerical data in a table with unique data elements on the left side and all of the final numbers in the right side next to their appropriate unique element
Stem-and-leaf diagram
54
Graphic that displays the median, first quartile, and third quartile, with two whiskers extending above and below commonly showing the min and max values
Box plot
55
Graph used to plot data with paired observations for two different variables, usually with dots
Scattergram (or scatterplot)
56
The average value of the data
Mean
57
The value that occurs most often in the data
Mode
58
The value in the middle of the data
Median
59
Skewness in which most of the data is right of the mean. The mean is smaller than the median which is smaller than the mode.
Negative skewness
60
Skewness in which most of the data is left of the mean. The mean is larger than the median which is larger than the mode.
Positive skewness
61
The difference between the highest and lowest values in a set of data
Range
62
The ordered classification of data into quartiles, quintiles, etc
Quantiles
63
The distance from the 25th percentile value to the 75th percentile value
Interquartile range (IQR)
64
A type of box plot but with dots, used to display the distribution of the data points relative to the median and interquartile range
Dispersion diagram
65
Refers to the variability of observations found in data
Dispersion
66
In a box plot- can be the max & min or can be calculated based on the the 1st and 3rd quartiles plus 1.5 times the IQR
Whiskers
67
The difference of a particular observation value relative to the mean for a dataset
Individual deviation
68
An observation that lies an abnormal distance from other values
Outlier
69
Most common measure of dispersion of values
Standard deviation
70
Measure of dispersion, the square of standard deviation
Variance
71
Measures the shape of the data frequency relative to the mean
Skewness
72
It defines specific areas under the normal distribution
The importance of standard deviation
73
A measure of relative variability; the standard deviation divided by the mean
Coefficient of variation
74
Measures the flatness and peaked-ness of a data frequency distribution
Kurtosis
75
A statistic that examines the shape of the frequency distribution by comparing the median with the mean
Pearson's skewness
76
Statistic that measures the central tendency for a distribution of points in two-dimensional space; output in coordinates
Mean center
77
The weighted determination of central tendency in two dimensions, employing frequency counts of some phenomenon associated with the data points
Weighted mean center
78
Measure of central tendency in two-dimensional data, measures the sum of straight-line distance of data points to the center of the data's distribution (center of minimum travel)
Euclidean mean (or median center)
79
Two-dimensional equivalent of standard deviation, uses mean center and Euclidean mean to calculate
Standard distance
80
Spatial equivalent of weighted standard deviation, uses weighted mean center and Euclidean mean to calculate
Weighted standard distance
81
Spatial analog to coefficient of variation, allows for direct comparisons of dispersion or two or more distribution patterns
Relative distance

GEOG 271 (1 decks)

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