Term Test 1

Question 1

Pathogenic reaction

Answer 1

Not pathological, a physiological response to an environmental perturbation

Question 2

Degenerative response

Answer 2

cell injury can be irreversible and reversible
cell death
manifestation of necrosis

Question 3

3 different types of necrosis

Answer 3

coagulative - firm, recognizable structure
colliquative - semi-liquid, unrecognizable
caseous - soft, whitish grey crump

do tissue staining to differentiate

Question 4

hyperplasia

Answer 4

increase cell number

Question 5

metaplasia

Answer 5

replaced by another differentiated cell type

Question 6

dysplasia

Answer 6

alteration of size, shape and organization of mature cells

Question 7

anaplasia

Answer 7

loss of mature/specialized feature of a cell
cell does not differentiate
hallmark of cancer

Question 8

neoplasia

Answer 8

generation of new tissue, cancer, benign or malignant

Question 9

5 steps in acute inflammation

Answer 9

1. site of injury
2. neutrophils
3. histamine release by mast cells
4. chemotactic factors, cell line up at site of injury
5. macrophages clean up area

Question 10

Endocrine vs exocrine

Answer 10

Liver
endocrine: secrete hormones directly into bloodstream (insulin, glucagon)

exocrine: secrete metabolic products into GI tract
(bile, pancreatic juice)

Question 11

Function of alveolar sacs

Answer 11

contain capillaries for gas exchange

Question 12

Division of lobes in lungs

Answer 12

three lobes on the right
two lobes of the left

Question 13

4 basic properties for respiratory system

Answer 13

1. large surface area (more gas exchange)
2. thin membrane surface (moist)
3. method for renewing gas media (breathe in/out)
4. freely circulating blood

Question 14

how does bacteria multiply

Answer 14

binary fission
does not require PMAT in mitosis

Question 15

coccus

Answer 15

spherical/ovoid (strepto/staphylo)

Question 16

rod

Answer 16

cylindrical (bacillus)

Question 17

spirilla

Answer 17

spiral shape

Question 18

integral membrane proteins

Answer 18

span entire bacterial cytoplasmic membrane
act as channel for transport

Question 19

peripheral proteins

Answer 19

loosely attached to one side of the cytoplasmic membrane
acts as receptor

Question 20

3 major function of bacteria CM

Answer 20

1. permeability barrier (prevent leakage)
2. protein anchor (include both integral and peripheral protein)
3. energy conversion (use proton motive force)

Question 21

what makes up bacterial cell wall?

Answer 21

peptidoglycan (PG)
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

amino acids: lysine or diaminopimelic acid (DAP)

Question 22

peptidoglycan structure

Answer 22

repeating units of NAG and NAM linked by peptide bridges

Question 23

what is the fundamental unit of peptidoglycan layer

Answer 23

glycan tetrapeptide

Question 24

gram positive bacteria cell wall structure

Answer 24

90% peptidoglycan
have teichoic acids embedded into wall (provide rigidity by attracting cations and biofilm formation)

Question 25

gram negative cell wall structure

Answer 25

most cell wall composed of outer membrane (LPS)

Question 26

3 components of LPS

Answer 26

1. Lipid A (endotoxin) 2. core polysaccharide 3. O-polysaccharide

Question 27

3 structure that are external to bacterial cell wall

Answer 27

1. capsule 2. flagella 3. fimbriae

Question 28

5 steps of gram staining protocol

Answer 28

1. bacterial suspension dried on glass slide 2. crystal violet 1 minute. Wash off 3. iodine 1 minutes. Wash off 4. 95% alcohol 10 seconds. Wash off 5. Safranin (red) 30 seconds. gram positive: blue gram negative: red

Question 29

physical/mechanical barriers

Answer 29

skin, mucus, cilia, tears, saliva, urine things that can be excreted

Question 30

chemical barriers

Answer 30

lysozyme pH hydrochloric acid, enzymes sebum in hair follicle digest bacteria

Question 31

function of primary lymphoid system

Answer 31

development and maturation of lymphocytes to immunocompetent cells

Question 32

function of secondary (peripheral) lymphatic organs

Answer 32

provide work area for immunocompetent cells to work

Question 33

thymus

Answer 33

primary lymphoid tissue produce WBCs

Question 34

2 major components of the thymus

Answer 34

parenchyma and stroma

Question 35

PMN polymorphonuclear leukocyte

Answer 35

basophils eosinophils neutrophils

Question 36

TLRs binds to

Answer 36

TLR 2 and 4: LPS (gram neg) TLR3: dsDNA (virus) TLR5: flagellin (gram neg only, gram positive no flagellin)

Question 37

Listeria

Answer 37

gram positive enter through zipper mechanism produces no toxins or enzymes produce listeriolysin O to break endosome barrier (actin tail)

Question 38

opportunistic pathogens

Answer 38

normal microbiota that cause disease under certain circumstances

Question 39

adhesion factors

Answer 39

microbes MUST bind to be infectious attachment proteins and specialized structure

Question 40

bone marrow

Answer 40

both primary and secondary lymphoid tissue

Question 41

symptoms

Answer 41

felt only by patients (headache, cannot be quantified)

Question 42

signs

Answer 42

measured by other, have to quantify (how many times you vomitted)

Question 43

4 steps of koch postulates

Answer 43

1. suspected agent must be present in all disease case 2. must be isolated and grow in pure culture 3. must cause disease when injected into healthy host 4. same agent must be reisolated

Question 44

endotoxins

Answer 44

only in gram negative lipid A portion release when bacteria dies or cell division cause macrophage to produce IL-1 release prostaglandins cause fever and inflammation

Question 45

exotoxins

Answer 45

secrete outside A-B toxins, B binds, endocytosis, A inhibit protein synthesis membrane disruption superantigens, cause T-cells proliferation and release too much cytokines

Question 46

2 major components of thymus

Answer 46

1. parenchyma 2. stroma