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Bio 120 > Term test 1 > Flashcards

Term test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Orogenic

A

Mountain-generated

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2
Q

4 Steps in Invasion

A
  1. Transport
  2. Establishment
  3. Spread
  4. Impact - depends on human perception
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3
Q

Non-adaptive

A

Lacking adaptational significance.

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4
Q

Maladaptive

A

Reduce fitness, prominent in changing environment.

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5
Q

Principle of Location

A

The resources invested on one’s function are unavailable to invest in other functions.

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6
Q

Reproductive-Survival Tradeoff

A

Investing resources in offspring means they can’t be used in maintaining body.

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7
Q

Size-number tradeoffs

A

If you make more seeds, they must be smaller.

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8
Q

Comparative Method

A

Examining how different organisms meet environmental challenges in different ways.

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9
Q

Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

A

The zone of rising, heated air.

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10
Q

Life-history traits

A

Concern timing of life events i.e. maturation, reproduction, resource investment.

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11
Q

Atmospheric Circulation

A

Packets of hotter, lower-density water are more buoyant. They are propelled upward and cold water sinks.

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12
Q

Hadley Cells

A

2 continuous loops between tropic lines, set prevailing wind in motion, also affect population. Low pressure weather = precipitation.

  • Push air from N->S (0ºN and 30ºN)
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13
Q

Ferrell Cells

A

Not as strong as Hadley cells, driven by same process - picks up moisture and rises, creating rainy/snowy low pressure zones at 60ºN and 60ºS.

-Push air S->N (30º and 60ºN)

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14
Q

Coriolis Effect

A

Induces the opposite twist in latitudinal belts between equator and 30ºN or 30ºS.
-> The Barths rotation deflects winds

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15
Q

Ranges of Tolerance

A

Defining part of niche-classically graphed as curves. Show how organism’s ability to function changes along a gradient.

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16
Q

Distance from Optimum Environment

A
  1. Unable to grow well enough
  2. Unable to reproduce
  3. Unable to live (death zone)
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17
Q

Bergman’s Rule

A

Larger size = lower SA/V levels, they retain heat better and lose less heat in surroundings.

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18
Q

Allen’s Rule

A

Animals from hotter environments have larger + thinner appendages, Interpreting animals extremities by managing blood circulation.

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19
Q

Countercurrent Circulation

A

Direct contact between arteries that send warm blood before warmth can be lost to environment, returning venous blood returns warmth to animal’s core.

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20
Q

Laminar Flow

A

When airflow is unimpeded, a stratified pattern builds up layers of air that move at different speeds.

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21
Q

Microphylly

A

Tiny leaves exhibited by perennial plants, frequently ranged in ways to reduce turbulent airflow.

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22
Q

Sclerophylly

A

Characteristics of having leaves that are small, thick, tough, and leathery -i.e. evergreens.

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23
Q

Sclerophylly habitats

A
  1. Semi-submerged plants in acid bogs/ponds
  2. Cold boreal forest biome (snowy with reasonable amount of summer rain)
  3. Very dry “well-drained” sandy soils in warm habitats
  4. Mediterranean/chaparral biome (wet winters and dry hot summers)
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24
Q

CAM

A

Crustacean Acid Metabolism- extreme water metabolism

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25
b_x
average number of daughters produced by female in x-years of life (can exceed 1.0)
26
Age-Structure model
We treat all differences by dividing the population into a convenient number of different age classes, each of which has different age-specific prospects of death and reproduction.
27
Σ
You sum up following variable over all possible age classes
28
n_x
The set of n_x values (n_0, n_1, n_2) is called age structure of the population we're looking out for time.
29
Net reproduction rate
R_0 = Σ*l_x*b_x =number of daughters she will produce in her lifetime.
30
Survivorship schedules
l_x, survivorship of age, probabilities ranging from 0-1, l_x values must always get smaller as x increases (probability of being alive decreases)
31
Senescence
Generalised breakdown of old organisms.
32
Formula for generation time
T = Σ*x*l_x*b_x / Σ*l_x*b_x = Σ*x*l_x*b_x / R_0
33
Reproductive Value
V_x defined as expected number of daughters to be produced by a female of age X, now and for the rest of her life. =Xth year of life
34
R-Selected Species
With the low survival, short generation times, good dispersal ability, poor competitive ability.
35
K-Strategists
Slow growing, good competitors.
36
Semelparity
Species genetically programmed to reproduce only once and then die. (Plants known as monocarpic or annuals)
37
Iteroparity
Species reproducing numerous times (plants known as perennials)
38
Fugitive Species
Keep "discovering" new bare patches, competition among plants.
39
Competitive Species
Correspond to "slow" k-strategists that compete well in crowded conditions.
40
Stress Tolerators
Tough plants that slow and remain uncrowded.
41
Ruderal Species
Fugitive-type weedy species that exploit transient disturbances to grow quickly.
42
Ecological community
All of the organisms or the biotic entities in some spacial defined locality.
43
Primary Productivity
Functional biological properties of communities: (i.e. how much plant growth occurs per unit time)
44
Intraspecific Competition
Modifies exponential growth by adding a braking term that slows down growth as more individuals use up resource
45
Lotka Volterra Competetion Model
Add a second braking term that accounts for intraspecific competition executed by a second species.
46
Lotka-Volterra Model Formula
47
Outcomes of Lotka-Volterra Model
4 Possible Outcomes: 1. If K1>K2/a21 and K1/a12>K2 -> Species one will always outcompete species two 2. If K1K2 -> Species 2 will always outcompete species 1 3. K1 the 2 species will stably coexist 4. If K1>K2/a21 and K1/a12 then the competition is unstable and the winner depends on starting numbers
48
3 Species in Lotka-Volterra Model
dN/dt = r1N1(K1-N1-a12N2-a13N3/K1)
49
Principle of Competitive Exclusion
Two species that compete for the same resources cannot coexist for long. Motivating idea is that one of the two species will have to be at least slightly better at growing on shared resource and become dominant.
50
Limiting Similarity
The maximum amount of niche overlap that allows a species to coexist.
51
Ecological Encounters
Increase with the population size of the organism - each encounter boosts the predator population while decrementing the prey population.
51
Assembly Rules
If you envisioned potential colonists arriving on an island or a new habitat the only ones to be able to survive would be those that were sufficiently different.
52
Intertidal
The zone that is submerged at high tide but exposed at low tide.
53
Source Patch
A particularly large or suitable patch that maintains a growing subpopulation and serves as a net exporter of dispersing colonists.
54
Sink Patches
Incapable of maintaining a subpopulation expect through the immigration of colonists -net importer of dispersers.
55
Emergent Properties
Refers to attributes of a whole system that are not inherent in the individual parts of the system.
56
Hutchinson niche
An n dimensional hyper-volume in which each axis is an ecological factor important to the species being considered.
57
Global Gradients
- Temperature: mostly a function of latitude -> higher lats colder (function of temperature) -> lower lat warmer (function of rainfall) - Rainfall: Depends on atmospheric circulation - Seasonality
58
Orographic Precipitation
Air forced up mountainsides undergoes cooling, precipitates on upper windward slopes.
59
Convergent Evolution
Similar environments often lead to a similar adaptations (even in different taxa)
60
Poikilotherms
(mostly reptiles, amphibians, fish, invertebrates) lack physiological means to deviate from environmental temperature (although they use behavioural means) -> their temperature fluctuates.
61
Homeotherms
Must regulate heat balance to keep internal temperature within a narrow range: many traits contribute.
62
Modes of heat gain/loss
1. radiation 2. conduction 3. convection 4. evaporation 5. redistribution
63
Autotrophs
Can't evade stress by moving. They can make their own food via photosynthesis.
64
Types of photosynthesis
C3 photosynthesis: Rubisco is the enzyme that accepts CO2, but at high temps it captures O2 instead (photorespiration) C4 photosynthesis: The enzyme PEP carboxylase first accept CO2, reducing photorespiration CAM photosynthesis: Plants close stomata during the day to reduce water loss, open stomata at night to let in CO2
65
Morphological plasticity
Shade (more laminar flow, less cooling) Sun (more turbulence, better cooling)
66
Recursive Digression
Convective cooling aided by turbulence
67
Epiphytes
Grow on trees, so they aren't able to put their roots into the soil, leading to water stress and nutrient shortages.
68
Key figure: Malthus
1798 published "An essay on the principle of population" arguing that the human population cannot grow faster than the food production.
69
Goal of most population models
Predict the trajectory of population growth in time (N as a function of T). N_t is population size at time t designed as N(t) D = # of people who die during one time step B = # of people born during one time step E = # of people who emigrate during one time step I = # of people who immigrate during one time step
70
Logistic braking term
Models the simplest form of density dependance
71
Allee Effects
Negative effects of low density, arising from social benefits such as mate finding, group living, group defines
72
Fecundity
The ability to produce offspring or new growth. -Depends on age - Age class denoted by subscript x - m_x = # daughters born to a female of age x during interval x-x+1 -Inversely proportional to survivorship
73
Life History
- Start life at a small size - Grow for a period without reproducing (resource accumulation) - Start spending resources on resource reduction
74
Age-structured population growth
- Fecundity and survivorship vary with age classes
75
K strategy versus R strategy
K: slower growth, larger generation time, larger body size, lower reproductive rate, poor dispersal R: Faster growth, shorter generation time, smaller body size, higher reproduction rate, good at dispersal
76
Interspecific Competition
Competition among members of different species for resources.
77
Scramble/exploitative Competition
Depletion of a shared resource
78
Contest/Interference Competition
Direct interactions, such as battle over territory.
79
Antagonistic Coevolution
Prey adaptations to predators, predator adaptation to prey.
80
Life-dinner Principle
A fox may reproduce after losing a race against a rabid, no rabbit has ever reproduced after losing a race against a fox.
81
Enemy Release Hypothesis
Invader's impact result from having fewer natural enemies in their new range, compared to native range.
82
Zoonotic Disease
Disease transferred between animals and humans i.e. COVID
83
Dilution and Amplification Effect
Dilution: Diseases that infect many hosts, host diversity can dilute disease risk to humans Amplification: More host or vector species can support larger populations of disease-causing organisms, increasing risk to humans or animals.

Bio 120 (2 decks)

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