Terminolgy

Question 1

Phonetics

Answer 1

The study of how speech sounds are made, transmitted and received

Question 2

Phonology

Answer 2

Study of how sounds are organised in different languages and aims to explain how variations occur

Question 3

Phonemes

Answer 3

The smallest possible unit of sound - each language has a relatively small fixed set that make up the sounds of that language
English has 44

Question 4

Vowels

Answer 4

Sounds that have no structure in the vocal tract - air escapes in an unimpeded way through the mouth or nose

Question 5

Monopthongs

Answer 5

Vowels with a single perceived auditory quality (one sound)

E.g plait the one vowel sound is represented by 2 letters (ai)

Question 6

Diphthong

Answer 6

Vowels where two vowel qualities can be heard
E.g my, so and how even though they only have 1 vowel letter

Question 7

Tripthongs

Answer 7

Vowels where three vowel qualities can be heard
E.g player, royal and fire

Question 8

Consonants

Answer 8

Sounds that are made by a closure in the vocal tract or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction

Question 9

Stops

Answer 9

Complete closure at some point in the vocal tract - air pressure builds up behind the closure and is then released explosively (p, t, b)

Question 10

Fricatives

Answer 10

Close approximation between two organs so that the movement of air between them causes audible friction (f, z, s)

Question 11

Approximants

Answer 11

(Vowel like) open approximation - same articulation as vowels but classified with constants on functional grounds (r, j)

Question 12

Place of articulation

Answer 12

Labio-dental = the lips and teeth though (f, v)
Bilabial = two lips touch (b, m)

Question 13

Constant cluster

Answer 13

Multiple constants that can be split into 2 phonemes - pronounce both letters e.g black

Question 14

Diagraph

Answer 14

Two consonants but one sound e.g ‘wh’ in while

Question 15

What’s a split diagraph

Answer 15

Two diagraphs in one word split by a vowel e.g shine “sh” “ne”

Question 16

What re the processes of learning to speak

Answer 16

-babies have to learn to control the vibrations of their vocal chord
-air flow from lungs needs controlling = sound
-vocal organs: lips, teeth, and mouth are manipulated to form sounds
-combine different elements to form words

Question 17

What age has a child acquired all vowels and 2/3 of consonants

Answer 17

2.5

Question 18

What age has a child acquired all vowels and 2/3 of consonants

Answer 18

2.5

Question 19

What age is a child fully confident on both vowels and consonants

Answer 19

7

Question 20

What age is a child fully confident on both vowels and consonants

Answer 20

7

Question 21

Proto words

Answer 21

Word like vocalisations that don’t match the actual word - but used consistently for the same meaning

Question 22

Phonemic expansion.

Answer 22

The number of phonemes produced are increased

Question 23

Phonemic contraction

Answer 23

Child retains the sounds of is native language so discards the ones it knows aren’t needed

Question 24

Phonemic contraction

Answer 24

Child retains the sounds of is native language so discards the ones it knows aren’t needed

Question 25

Babbling 6-12m

Answer 25

Trying out sounds in a more controlled way by pressing their lips together E.g ‘pa’ ‘ba’ ‘ma’ Key step is to practice

Question 26

Rhythm

Answer 26

The beat of a language E.g English = te tum te tum te tum

Question 27

Intonation

Answer 27

Melody or music of a language where the voices rises/falls as we speak

Question 28

Intonation

Answer 28

Melody or music of a language where the voices rises/falls as we speak

Question 29

Over extension

Answer 29

One name to label a category E.g daddy for all men

Question 30

Under extension

Answer 30

Only using the label for 1 item e.g dog for only their pet dog

Question 31

Reduplication

Answer 31

Repeating a whole syllable E.g dada or mama

Question 32

Consonants cluster reduction

Answer 32

Consonants cluster can be hard to articulate so children reduce them to smaller units E.g ‘pider’ for ‘spider

Question 33

Consonants cluster reduction

Answer 33

Consonants cluster can be hard to articulate so children reduce them to smaller units E.g ‘pider’ for ‘spider

Question 34

Phonemic deletion

Answer 34

Final consonant may be dropped E.g do(g) or cu(p)

Question 35

Phonemic deletion

Answer 35

Final consonant may be dropped E.g do(g) or cu(p)

Question 36

Deletion of unstressed syllables

Answer 36

Omitting the opening syllable in polysyllabic words E.g ‘nana’ for ‘banana’

Question 37

Substitution

Answer 37

Harder sounds a re substituted for easier ones E.g R = w Th = d/n/f T = d P = b

Question 38

Addition

Answer 38

Adding extra vowel sounds to the end of a word e.g doggie - this creates a CVCV pattern

Question 39

Addition

Answer 39

Adding extra vowel sounds to the end of a word e.g doggie - this creates a CVCV pattern

Question 40

Assimilation

Answer 40

Changing consonant / vowel sound for another Usually the early plosive sounds e.g p d or b E.g gog for dog