TERMINOLOGIES

Question 1

Define “society”

Answer 1

group of people drowned together for common purposes

Question 2

Define “sociolinguistic”

Answer 2

wider: role of language in society
narrow: correlations between independent social and dependent linguistic variables
micro: language in relation to society
macro: society on relation to language

Question 3

Etymology

Answer 3

study of words origin

Question 4

Cognates

Answer 4

etymologically related words in different language with common origin

Question 5

Loanwords

Answer 5

adopted words from another language

Question 6

Auxiliary Language

Answer 6

language developed rather than evolved.
politically and socially neutral.
international sign language.

Question 7

Phoneme

Answer 7

smallest unit of a word that changes its meaning, but is powerless on its own
- pit / pet

Question 8

Morpheme

Answer 8

smallest unit of a word that changes its meaning, and is powerful on its own
- un-, do, -able

Question 9

Lexeme

Answer 9

-set of all inflected forms of a single word
- king, kings, king’s, kings’

Question 10

Syntax

Answer 10

• arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences
• SVO

Question 11

Tautonomy

Answer 11

• same word, different meaning
• homely (down to earth, BP + ugly, GA)

Question 12

Heteronomy

Answer 12

same meaning, different word
- sophomore, second year student + queue, line

Question 13

Variant + Variable

Answer 13

Variant: differences in language
- yod-dropping

Variable: specific differences
- nju:s (RP) vs nu:s (GA)
social = identification (class, gender etc.)
linguistic = different variants correlating with social status
- news in RP vs Cockney

Question 14

Marker

Answer 14

• carries social information (g-dropping, ng)

Question 15

Peceptual dialectology

Answer 15

• subject beliefs about dialects and varieties
• preferatios

Question 16

Salience

Answer 16

• identity activated in given interaction

Question 17

Attunement

Answer 17

adapting based on context

Question 18

Convergence

Answer 18

changes speech to sound more like others

Question 19

Divergence

Answer 19

changes speech to sound less like the others

Question 20

Simultaneous multilingualism

Answer 20

learning more than one native language

Question 21

Sequential multilingualism

Answer 21

learning other languages after native language

Question 22

Diglossia

Answer 22

• two different varieties of the same language used in different social situations
• High: Classical Arabic (formal)
  Low: colloquial arabic dialects (everyday conversations)

Question 23

Ethnolinguistic variety

Answer 23

• a languages strength and likelihood of survival across generations
  1. status
  2. demography
  3. institutional support

Question 24

Stable variable

Answer 24

• remains consistent even if the social/context changes
• rhotic r in america

Question 25

Age-grading

Answer 25

language changes when one progresses through life

Question 26

Grammaticalisation

Answer 26

new grammatical functions develop from lexical items - willan (want) developed from OE to will or 'll

Question 27

Pidgin

Answer 27

- lingua France between speakers of two different mother tongues - mainly in trade and government (colonialisation) - no native speakers

Question 28

Creole

Answer 28

- developed from pidgin - mothers tongue

Question 29

Lexifier

Answer 29

- provides vocabulary to another language (typically creole or pidgin) - borrowed word, different grammar

Question 30

superstrate

Answer 30

- most influential language on another - vocabulary and influence

Question 31

substrate

Answer 31

- least dominant language on another - grammar, syntax etc. >not vocabulary

Question 32

Accent + dialect

Answer 32

Accent: pronunciation - tomato Dialect: pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar - elevator vs lift

Question 33

Isoglosses

Answer 33

dividing areas where different linguistics features - soda, pop, coke, tonic - help track regiolects

Question 34

creolisation

Answer 34

- process by which the language system of a pidgin becomes more complex - can turn into a creole when a new generation uses it as their native language