Terminology Flashcards by Ashley Kidd

No elevation haircut; One length

0° or Blunt Haircut

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Medium elevation haircut; wedge

45° Haircut or Graduated Haircut

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A uniform elevation haircut that provides movement

90° or Uniform-Layered Haircut

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A haircut with increased long layers

180° or Long-Layered Haircut

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An immune response or reaction to substances that are usually not harmful

Allergy

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Abnormal hair loss

Alopecia

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Patchy loss of hair occurring on the scalp or other parts of the body

Alopecia Areata

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Severe case of alopecia areata where balding occurs over the entire head

Alopecia Totalis

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Severe case of alopecia areata where balding occurs over the entire body

Alopecia Universalis

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Surfactants that are very mild and compatible with all other surfactants

Amphoteric

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The period of active hair growth

Anagen

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Male or female pattern baldness

Androgenic Alopecia

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The space formed in between the point where two lines join; combination of two straight lines joined together, producing various effects and qualities

Angle

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A shampoo with a detergent base that is inexpensive, but has excellent deep cleansing abilities, and is easily rinsed from the hair

Anionic

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An agent that prevents or reduces infection by eliminating or decreasing the growth of microorganisms; it can be applied safely to the skin

Antiseptic

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The highest point of the head

Apex

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A small, involuntary muscle located along the side of the hair follicle that is responsible for goose bumps

Arrector Pili Muscle

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Rod-shaped, spore-producing bacteria

Bacilli

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One cell microorganisms

Bacteria

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Equal in proportion

Balance

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A technique that creates curved lines in a haircut by cutting ends with a slight increase or decrease in length

Beveling

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Infectious pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood or bodily fluids and can cause disease in humans; these pathogens include Hepatitis B (HBV) and HIV

Bloodborne Pathogens

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A localized infection caused by staphylococci bacteria; similar to a furuncle but larger

Carbuncle

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A cutting technique where the still blade is placed into the hair and the shears are partially opened and closed while moving through the hair

Carving

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The period of break down and change of hair growth

Catagen

A type of surfactant that removes dirt from the hair shaft and provides softness and moisture

Cationic

Consists of seven vertebrae (bones) that make up the portion of the spinal column located in the neck

Cervical Vertebrae

A texturizing technique that removes larger sections of hair; creates movement in a perimeter design line by breaking up the weighted line

Chunking

A procedure using detergent and water to eliminate contamination of surfaces, tools, and/or skin; eliminates unseen debris that interferes with disinfection

Cleaning

Hair has a large diameter or width and feels thick

Coarse Texture

Circular-shaped bacteria that produce pus and can cause strep throat and blood poisoning

Cocci

Haircuts using two or more degrees

Combination Haircuts

Means that infections or diseases can be transferred from one person to another by contact

Contagious/Communicable

The presence of unclean materials or tools left on a surface

Contamination

A tuft of hair that stands up with a strong directional growth pattern

Cowlick

Covers the top and sides of the head and consists of 6 bones

Cranium

Parting the haircut in the opposite direction from which it was cut, to check for precision of line and shape

Cross-Checking

The upper back of the head

Crown

The tough outer protective covering of the hair

Cuticle

The removal of any infectious materials on tools or surfaces by following all sanitation and disinfection guidelines

Decontamination

Clean tools with warm, soapy water; removing visible debris. Next submerge in EPA-registered disinfectant; Decontamination Method 1

Disinfecting

Clean tools with warm soapy water; remove visible debris. Next place tools in a high-pressure steam unit (autoclave); Decontamination Method 2

Sterilization

Water that has had the metal ions and/or impurities removed through ion exchange process; purified water

Deionized Water

The number of hair strands per square inch on the scalp

Density

Small, cone shaped elevation at the base of the hair follicle filled with blood vessels

Dermal Papillae

Slanting line between horizontal and vertical lines

Diagonal Line

The thickness of a hair strand

Diameter

Spherical-shaped bacteria that grow in pairs and cause pneumonia

Diplococci

Independent lines that normally do not blend; having a defined break in the design

Disconnected Lines

Bacterial invasion of the body that disrupts a normal function of health

Disease

Any abnormality of bodily function; services can be performed with special product recommendations

Disorder

The technique of cutting around the hairline to create a clean line or design within a haircut; outlining or etching

Edging

The degree or angle by which the hair is lifted and combed in relation to the head; degree or projection

Elevation

A tendon that connects the Occipitalis and the Frontalis

Epicranial Aponeuerosis

The complete scalp; the muscles, skin, and aponeurosis; covering the skull

Epicranium

The broad muscle formed by the joining of the Frontalis and Occipitalis; Occipito-frontalis

Epicranius

The applied science concerned with designing and arranging things that people use so both (people and things) interact most efficiently and safely

Ergonomics

When you come in contact with broken skin, body fluid, blood or any other potentially infectious items while at work

Exposure Incident

The outer or external part

Exterior

Hair that is naturally shed or gathered from a brush and/or comb

Fallen Hair

Separating water from its mineral substances, such as magnesium, iron, calcium, or organic matter; water passes through a “filter-type trap,” encasing some minerals or particles, therefore producing less-contaminated water

Filtration

Hair has a small diameter/width that feels thin

Fine Texture

When the hair is susceptible to breakage; brittle hair

Fragilitas Crinium

Forms the forehead; starts at the top of the eyes, extending to the beginning curve of the head

Frontal Bone

The muscle that encompasses the forehead and extends into the beginning curve of the scalp

Frontalis

Members of a large group of organisms that include microorganisms, such as yeasts, molds, and mildews

Fungi

Boil or abscess of the skin located in the hair follicle

Furuncle

The direction the hair grows from the scalp

Growth pattern

The first section of hair that is cut to serve as a guide to determine the length and/or shape

Guideline

The rounded, club-shaped part of the hair located at the end of the hair root

Hair Bulb

A tube-like depression or pocket in the skin that contains the hair root from which the hair will grow

Hair Follicle

Hair growing in the same direction; creates a natural part

Hair Stream

Remains unaltered and contains an amount of dissolved minerals, such as calcium and magnesium; ex: well water

Hard Water

The angle at which your guest’s head is held during a procedure

Head Position

Lines parallel to the floor; opposite of vertical

Horizontal Lines

Substances added to conditioners to help the hair retain moisture

Humectant

"Water-loving"; easily absorbs moisture and capable of combining with or attracting water

Hydrophilic

The body's ability to fight or defend against infection and disease

Immunity

The invasion of body tissues by disease-causing bacteria (pathogenic bacteria) or viruses

Infection

The inner or internal part

Interior

A guide that is inside the haircut, not around the hairline or perimeter; this will create less weight and more softness to the perimeter

Interior Guideline

A strong fibrous protein; the building block for hair, skin, and nails

Keratin

The process of converting living skin into hard proteins

Keratinization

The soft, white, and downy hair found on the body; usually lacking a medulla; Vellus Hair

Lanugo Hair

Large, flat, triangular muscle covering the lower back; helps to extend the arm away from the body and rotate the shoulder

Latissimus Dorsi

The basic lines used in haircutting are straight and curved. There are three types of straight lines: horizontal, vertical, and diagonal. Each line represents various movement and design options. Also known as the Edge or Division of a Shape

Line(s) of Haircutting

"Oil-loving"; having an attraction to fat and oils

Lipophilic

A naturally occurring fungus, sometimes known as pityrosporum ovale

Malassezia

Hair has an average width and thickness

Medium Texture

Usually a white substance that grows on the surface of things in wet, warm conditions, but does not cause human infections on the skin

Mildew

Condition causing beaded hair; Hair is weak before each node and easily broken

Monilethrix

Self-movement

Motility

The section of the head from the occipital bone to the hairline

Nape

The direction in which the hair moves or falls on the head

Natural Distribution

Bacteria that are not harmful

Non-pathogenic

When an item is made or constructed of materials that are not permeable/penetrated by water, air, or other fluids

Nonporus

A texturizing technique similar to point cutting but the cutting is done toward the ends rather than into them, creating a chunking effect

Notch cutting

The bone that covers the back of the head and sits directly above the nape

Occipital Bone

The muscle located in the nape of the neck that draws the scalp back

Occipitalis

A haircutting technique that positions the palms of your hands facing each other; prevents hair from being lifted up off your hand and the hair from being pushed out the front of the shears

Palm-to-Palm

Consistently traveling in the same direction at an equal distance apart

Parallel Lines

Disease caused by parasites, such as lice and itch mites

Parasitic Disease

Two bones, one on each side of the head, that form the entire crown and top sides

Parietal Bone

Largest curve of the head; it separates the interior of the head from the exterior of the head

Parietal Ridge

Bacteria that are harmful and cause disease

Pathogenic

Condition caused by the infestation of the hair and scalp caused by the parasitic insect, head louse

Pediculosis Capitis

Dandruff; dry type of dandruff characterized by white, lightweight flakes that either attach to the scalp in clusters or are scattered loosely within hair and eventually fall to the shoulders

Pityriasis

A severe case of dandruff, distinguished by excessive amounts of waxy or greasy scales that accumulate on the scalp in crusts; Seborrheic Dermatitis

Pityriasis Steatoides

The muscle that extends from the tip of the chin to the shoulder and lowers the jaw and lip

Platysma

The texturizing technique using the tips of the shears to cut into the ends of the hair to create multiple lengths that will blend within the hair ends

Point Cutting

Period of temporary hair loss that typically occurs after childbirth

Postpartum Alopecia

A condition caused by a microscopic mite, know as the itch mite

Scabies

Glands that produce sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the skin or scalp

Sebaceous Glands

Dividing areas of hair that can be managed and controlled

Sections/Sectioning

Directing the hair out of its natural fall; over-directed

Shifted Distribution

The skeletal structure that makes up the head and face; encases the brain; divided into two areas: cranium and face

Skull

A texturizing technique using a sliding movement down the hairshaft; used to remove bulk and add mobility within the haircut or for blending and framing areas around the face; also called slicing

Slithering

Water where the mineral content is dissolved and removed; ex: rain water

Soft Water

A wedge-shaped bone that joins all the bones of the cranium

Sphenoid

A spiral-shaped or curved bacteria

Spirilla

A set of guidelines published by the CDC that require an employer and employee to assume that all human blood and body fluids are infectious

Standard Precautions

Bacterial cells which form in clusters, like grapes, are pus-forming causing abscesses, pustules and boils

Staphylococci

A fixed guideline that does not move

Stationary Guideline

Long muscle that stretches from the back of the ear, along the side of the neck to the collar bone. It lowers and rotates the head.

Sternocleidomastoideus

Bacterial cells that grow in curved lines shaped into chains and may cause abscesses, pustules, and boils; cause infections such as blood poisoning and strep throat

Streptococci

A surface active agent or wetting agent that has the ability to dissolve in water and remove dirt from surfaces, such as hair; the ingredient in shampoo that causes lather

Surfactant

A cutting technique that blends hair from a shorter length at the perimeter to a longer length as it moves up the head; fading

Tapering

Resting phase of hair growth

Telogen

Premature or sudden hair loss

Telogen Effluvium

Two bones are on each side of the head that forms the lower side of the head

Temporal Bone

The temple muscle located above and in front of the ear that helps in opening and closing the mouth, as in chewing

Temporalis

Application of pressure applied while combing and holding the hair prior to cutting

Tension

Pigmented hair on the body

Terminal Hair

The diameter or width, quality, feel, and arrangement of individual hair strands within the overall hair structure; textures are described as fine, medium, and coarse

Texture

Techniques that help to blend lines or remove excess bulk without changing the shape of the haircut

Texturizing

A contagious condition caused by a fungal parasite; the technical term for Ringworm

Tinea

A superficial fungal infection that commonly affects the skin; the technical term for Barber's Itch

Tinea Barbae

Fungal infection of the skin and scalp, characterized by red papules or spots at the opening of the hair follicle

Tinea Capitis

A fungal infection of the scalp, characterized by a pink scalp with thick, whitish-yellow crusts known as scutula, which tend to have a slight odor; Honeycomb Ringworm

Tinea Favosa

Hair loss through repetitive and excessive pulling or stretching of the hair

Traction Alopecia

Flat, triangular muscles that run from the upper back to the back of the neck

Trapezius

A guideline that moves around or passes from one section to another

Traveling Guideline

The study of hair and its diseases and disorders

Trichology

When hair ends are dried out and damaged by overexposure to heating tools, weather elements, and/or chemical services; split ends

Trichoptilosis

Bulges along the hair shaft; brittleness and breakage can occur at the node; also known as knotted hair

Trichorrehexis Nodosa

A line that extends straight up from the floor; opposite of horizontal

Vertical Line

A submicroscopic, parasitic particle that causes disease

Virus

Concentration of hair within an area that gives the appearance of heaviness and density

Weight Line

Circular growth pattern; use special considerations when cutting

Whorl

0 to 6.9 on the pH scale

Acid

7.1 to 14 on the pH scale

Alkaline

Used to neutralize acids or raise the pH. May be used in place of ammonia because they create less odor

Alkanolamines

A gas with a strong odor, made up of nitrogen and hydrogen

Ammonia

Small compounds found in permanent haircolor; also known as uncolored dye precursors

Aniline Derivatives

The smallest chemical part of an element

Atom

The medical term for grey hair; the result of a gradual decline in melanin

Canities

A substance used in, or produced by, the process of chemistry

Chemical

The science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different chemical conditions

Chemistry

A support tool for the Law of Color to visually show how all colors are created

Color Wheel

The rapid oxidation of a substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light

Combustion

Colors located opposite of each other on the color wheel

Complementary Colors

A chemical combination of two or more atoms from different elements

Compound Molecules/Compounds

A product used to make another product more intense, vibrant, stronger, or purer

Concentrate

The middle layer of hair, made up of elongated cells containing melanin and keratin

Cortex

The protective, outermost layer of hair

Cuticle

The technique of removing natural haircolor or artificial haircolor from the hair

Decolorization

Deposits or adds color to existing haircolor; however, it does not lighten the hair

Demi-Permanent Haircolor

Oxidizing agent added to haircolor or lightener that assists in the development process; manufactured in various strengths, known as volumes or percentages; also known as catalyst or hydrogen peroxide

Developer

Utilizing two or more haircolors and/or techniques to create depth, movement, and shape

Dimensional Haircolor

A two-step technique involving lightening of the hair, followed by application of toner to achieve desired haircolor

Double Process Haircolor

A concentrated haircolor used to increase the ability of a haircolor to neutralize unwanted warmth

Drabber

Particles in an atom that have a negative charge

Electron

The simplest form of matter; cannot be broken down into a simpler substance

Element

The suspension of one liquid in a second liquid with which the first will not mix

Emulsion

Produces brown to black pigments in the hair

Eumelanin

Used to equalize porosity and replace missing pigment in one application

Filler

Involves weaving or slicing out specific strands of hair for depositing haircolor or lightening

Foiling

The technique of applying demi-permanent or semi-permanent haircolor to hair to shine and/or refresh color

Glaze

A solution/chemical used to remove oxidative or non-oxidative haircolor from the hair

Haircolor Remover

A chemincal solution used to remove haircolor from the skin

Haircolor Stain Remover

The technique of coloring some hair strands lighter than their natural color (typically done by foiling)

Highlighting

The study of not living or never living organisms that do not contain carbon

Inorganic Chemistry

A concentrated haircolor that when added to another haircolor, is used to deepen, brighten, or create a more vivid look

Intensifier

The strength of the color's appearance

Intensity

An atom or a group of atoms carrying an electric charge

Ion/Ions

A system that provides an understanding of color relationships

Law of Color

The degree of lightness or darkness of a color

Level

A system used to determine lightness or darkness of a color

Level System

Will lift permanently by diffusing, dissolving or decolorizing the natural or artificial pigment in the cortex; decolorizer

Lightener/Bleach

A visible line or band between two different haircolors, artificial or natural

Line of Demarcation

Substance that has mass and occupies space; occurs in the form of a solid, liquid, or gas

Matter

The innermost layer of hair composed of round cells; hair is fine and fragile when this is missing

Medulla

The coloring matter that provides us with the natural color of our hair and skin; also known as pigment

Melanin

A non-professional haircolor containing metals that after continuous use, build up on the hair (should not be used with any professional chemicals); also known as Gradual Dye

Metallic Dye

Two or more atoms chemically joined that retain their chemical and physical properties to form matter

Molecule

Non-professional haircolor made from various plants; henna; also known as vegetable hair dye

Natural Hair Dye

Particles in an atom that have a neutral charge (having no positive or negative charge)

Neutron

The process of new hair growing out from the scalp that has not yet been chemically altered

New Growth

Temporary color; no chemical mixing or reaction takes place to produce these colors on the hair

Non-Oxidative Haircolor

Come in a powder form and are not able to be used on the scalp; also known as quick lighteners

Off-the-Scalp Lightener

The study of living or previously living organisms containing carbon

Organic Chemistry

The visible line resulting from haircolor and/or lightening products spreading onto previously colored/lightened hair

Overlapping

The chemical reaction that occurs when oxygen is released from a substance; this reaction assists in the development of color on the hair

Oxidation

Creates a chemical change in the hair therefore providing longer lasting haircolor results. Types of these haircolors are permanent haircolor and demi-permanent haircolor

Oxidative Haircolor

A chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent (developer) is reduced, and the reducing agent (haircolor) is oxidized

Oxidation-Reduction

This can deposit and/or lighten the natural pigments located in the cortex layer of the hair

Permanent Haircolor

Produces yellow to red pigments in the hair

Pheomelanin

The ability of the hair to absorb any liquid

Porosity

Applying a small amount of product on the skin to check for sensitivity and/or an allergic reaction to a product/chemical; patch test

Predisposition Test

Diffusing or lifting the natural hair color to achieve the desired level

Pre-lightening

The technique that allows for better haircolor penetration by softening the cuticle; often used prior to haircoloring resistant and/or grey hair

Presoftening

The three basic colors - red, yellow, blue - from which all other colors are produced

Primary Colors

Determines if the haircolor is absorbing and processing evenly; Periodic Strand Test

Processing Strand Test

Particles in an atom that have a positive charge

Protons

Substances that have definite chemical and physical properties

Pure Substances

Cuticle scales are flat, causing minimal liquid absorption

Resistant Hair

Created by mixing two primary colors in equal proportions

Secondary Colors

A deposit-only haircolor that penetrates into the cuticle layer of the hair shaft

Semi-Permanent Haircolor

A single application of haircolor to either lighten the natural hair color to deposit haircolor to the hair strand

Single Process Haircolor

Haircoloring technique that isolates thin subsections of hair in a straight line pattern

Slicing

Stable mixtures of two or more substances, which may be solids, liquids, gases, or a combination of these

Solutions

A substance that is capable of dissolving another substance

Solvent

Techniques used to create texture, as well as various dimensions of color

Special Effects

A mixture in which small particles of a substance are dispersed throughout a gas or liquid. If left undisturbed, the particles are likely to settle and separate

Suspension

Type of haircolor that coats the hair surface covering only the cuticle

Temporary Haircolor

Created by mixing a primary color with a neighboring secondary color

Tertiary Colors

The process of returning hair back to its natural state or desired level/color; reverse haircolor

Tint Back

The balance of color; also known as hue

Tone

Semi-permanent or demi-permanent haircolor product used on pre-lightened hair to neutralize unwanted pigment

Toner

The warm or cool tone seen within the predominant haircolor; also known as contributing pigment

Undertone

The first time hair is colored

Virgin Haircolor Application

Performed by coloring alternating selected strands from a thin subsection of hair

Weaving

Permanent waves processed without heat that have a pH ranging between 7.0 to 8.2; produce a firmer curl and process more quickly than true acid waves

Acid Balanced Waves

Results from the oxidation of primary alcohols; there are several other chemicals in the class of highly reactive chemical compounds (composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen)

Aldehyde

Processed without heat; the main ingredient is thioglycolic acid; also known as cold waves

Alkaline Waves

Protein building blocks of hair that link together to form tiny protein fibers

Amino Acids

An inorganic compound of colorless liquid, composed of one part nitrogen and three parts hydrogen; it has a pungent odor and is an alkaline substance used in the manufacturing of permanent wave solutions and hair lighteners to aid in opening the cuticle layer

Ammonia

A mild alternative relaxer containing a low pH compatible with thio relaxers

Ammonium Bisulfite Relaxer

Perm that uses an ingredient other than ammonia to reduce the odor associated with ammonia perms

Ammonia-Free Waves

A combination of ammonia and thioglycolic acid that creates a reducing agent used in permanent waves and relaxers

Ammonium Thioglycolate (ATG)

The position of the tool in relation to its base section and is determined by the angle at which the hair is wrapped; also known as base placement

Base Control

An oily cream applied on the scalp/skin to protect from the chemicals in the relaxer

Protective Base Cream/Base Cream

The position of the perm rod horizontal, vertical, or diagonal, within a section and/or parting

Base Direction

Relaxer that requires a protective base cream to be applied to the hairline and scalp; too strong to be applied without the application of a base cream

Base Relaxer

The subsections located within a larger panel section; the hair is divided into smaller subsections that hold one perm rod each

Base Sections

The type of perm wrap that consists of controlled sections of hair in which perm rods are placed in rectangular-shaped subsections

Basic Perm Wrap/Straight Set Wrap/9-Block Wrap

Foam-covered perm rods that are easily bent into different shapes and used for permanent waving

Bender Rod/Flexible Rod

Requires only one paper, which is folded in half much like a book

Book End Wrap

Perm rods are placed within a staggered pattern of subsections

Bricklay Perm Wrap

Matter altered permanently to a completely different form

Chemical Change

Characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and change in the matter

Chemical Properties

To chemically alter naturally curly or wavy hair into a straighter form

Chemical Relaxing

Chemical Substances consisting of atoms or ions of two or more elements in definite proportions, which cannot be separated by physical means

Compounds/Chemical Compounds

A perm rod that has a smaller diameter in the center and a larger diameter increase throughout the length

Concave Rod

Perm wrap that consists of wrapping the hair from ends to scalp in overlapping concentric layers

Croquignole Wrap

Perm wrap that consists of partings that follow the shape of your guest's head

Curvature Perm Wrap

An amino acid joined with another cyteine amino acid to create a cystine amino acid

Cysteine

An amino acid that joins together two peptide strands

Cystine

Strong chemical side bonds that can only be broken by chemical solutions

Disulfide Bonds

Requires hair to be placed between two end papers, one on each side of the hair strand

Double Flat Wrap

The capability of the hair strand to stretch and return to its previous form without breaking

Elasticity

Absorbent pieces of thin tissue-type paper that control and protect the hair ends or any texturized lengths of hair within a subsection

End Papers/End Wraps

Processed by the application of heat; hood dryer, heat processor

Endothermic Wave

Processed by chemical reaction that releases heat; self-heating

Exothermic Wave

An organic compound that is a colorless, flammable and pungent gas; present in the air and many food and beauty products

Formaldehyde

Products are manufactured "without" the use of formaldehyde but could release a formaldehyde gas upon use

Formaldehyde Free

An odorless, colorless liquid that is miscible in water; it is derived from glycerin

Glyceryl

An ingredient used in a permanent waving lotion to help lower the pH because of its moisturizing properties

Glycerin

The main active ingredient in true acid waves

Glyceryl Monothioglycolate (GMTG)

Relaxer requiring the mixing of two products; advertised as "no-lye" for sensitive skin

Guanidine Hydroxide

Physical side bond (cross bond) easily broken by water or heat; reforms when the hair cools and/or dries

Hydrogen Bonds

Also called an acid/alkali neutralization reaction; it neutralizes any remaining alkaline residue left by the hydroxide relaxer and helps to restore the pH of the hair and scalp

Hydroxide Neutralization

Relaxers with a high alkaline (pH) content; available in varying formulations

Hydroxide Relaxer

When a substance is not able to mix with another substance

Immiscible

A strong, fibrous protein; the building blocks for hair, skin, and nails

Keratin

The process of removing one sulfur atom and replacing it with a disulfide bond

Lanthionization

A long, plastic rod that is used to create spiral curls

Loop Rod/Circle Rod

Relaxer that contains only one component and they are used exactly as they are packaged, requiring no mixing

Metal Hydroxide Relaxer

A substance that has mass and occupies space; it has physical and chemical properties and exists either as a solid, liquid, or gas

Matter

When a substance is able to be mixed with another substance

Miscible

A chemical solution that stops the waving process of a permanent wave; rebuilds the bonds into their new form

Neutralizer

Chemically restoring disulfide bonds to harden into a new shape; rebonding

Neutralizing

Used to help remove any remaining chemicals left in the hair after a chemical relaxer and to restore hair to normal acidic pH

Neutralizing Shampoo

The new hair growing out from the scalp that has not yet been chemically altered

New Growth

Does not require a base cream to be applied to the skin or scalp

No-Base Relaxer/No-Lye Relaxer

Solutions with an acidic pH that restore the hair's natural pH after a hydroxide relaxer

Normalizing Lotion

Any illness caused by overexposure to certain products or ingredients

Occupational Disease

A perming technique that provides curl or wave to small areas of the head, creating a natural blending of permed hair into previously permed or non-permed hair

Partial Perm Wrap

These connect amino acids (end to end) that form polypeptides

Peptide Bonds/End Bonds

A technique used to smooth hair around the hairline, such as cowlicks, uncontrollable hair, growth patterns, and inconsistent textures

Perimeter Definition

Chemically rearranging straight hair into a curly or wavy form

Permanent Waving

A scale ranging from 0 to 14 that measures if a product is an acid (0 to 6.9), and alkaline (7.1 to 14), or neutral (7).

pH Scale

Matter altered to a different shape temporarily, but eventually returning to its original state

Physical Change

Consist of two or more types of matter that are blended together, but not chemically altered; each part in the mixture maintains its own properties

Physical Mixtures

Occur without a chemical reaction or change to the matter; ex: hardness, color, weight, odor, and boiling point

Physical Properties

A wrap technique where hair longer than 10 to 12 inches is wrapped on one rod from the mid-shaft to scalp, and the remaining hair is wrapped around a second rod

Piggyback Perm Wrap/Double-Rod

A spiraling chain of amino acids; joined together by peptide bonds

Polypeptide Chain

The ability of the hair to absorb any liquid

Porosity

A very strong alkaline ingredient used in chemical relaxers; typically marketed as no-mix, no-lye

Potassium Hydroxide/Lithium Hydroxide

A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution

Potential Hydrogen (pH)

Performed as part of your guest consultation to test how the hair will respond to the chemical application

Preliminary Strand Test

Determines the required processing time and ensures that the desired curl has been achieved for a permanent wave service

Preliminary Test Curl

Performed during a chemical relaxer to determine if the hair has been sufficiently relaxed

Processing Strand Test/Periodic Strand Test

A cream barrier applied around the hairline and ears to protect the skin from permanent wave lotions or hair color

Protective Cream

A form affirming that your guest was advised of the potential risks that could result during the requested chemical service

Release Statement

The process in which oxygen is subtracted from or hydrogen is added to a substance through a chemical reaction; breaking of the disulfide bonds

Reduction

Weak physical side bonds (cross bonds) easily broken by change in pH; reform when pH balance is restored

Salt Bonds

Allergic reaction caused by repeated exposure to a chemical or substance

Sensitization

Connect polypeptide chains side-by-side; responsible for strength and elasticity

Side Bonds/Cross Bonds

Requires only one paper used in conjunction with either the double end or book end wraps

Single Flat Wraps

A highly soluble chemical element that is an alkaline substance used in the manufacturing of permanent wave lotions and chemical hair relaxers

Sodium

A strong alkaline ingredient used in chemical relaxers

Sodium Hydroxide (Lye)

A chemical texture service that restructures overly curly hair into loose curls or waves

Soft Curl Reformation

Substance that is dissolved in a solution

Solute

Stable mixture that blends two or more substances, which may be of gases, liquids, solids, or a combo of these

Solution

Dissolves other substances to form a solution with no chemical change

Solvent

Perm wrap that consists of wrapping the hair at an angle other than parallel to the length of the rod, which will create a coiling effect of the hair

Spiral Wrap

Pliable foam rods that allow hair to be chemically altered, creating a soft-end result

Sponge Rod

A perm rod that has an even diameter/width throughout the entire rod length

Straight Rod

A mixture that blends large particles together without dissolving into a liquid or solid. The particles do not stay mixed; they separate back to their original state

Suspension

An organic compound of clear liquid with a strong unpleasant smell used in permanent wave solutions

Thioglycolic Acid

The process of stopping a permanent wave and reforming the hair into its new curly shape

Thio Neutralization

Chemical compounds with the additive ingredient ammonia; considered to be a “no-lye” relaxer, suitable for soft curl reformation; known as “thio-relaxers” by industry standards

Thioglycolate Relaxers

The technical term for the study of the hair, the disorders and diseases, and hair care

Trichology

Permanent waves processed with the application of heat that have a pH range between 4.5-7; the main ingredient is typically glyceryl monothioglycolate (GMTG); these process slower than alkaline waves

True Acid Waves

Measurement of how thick or thin a liquid is, and how that affects the liquid’s flow

Viscosity

Perm wrap consisting of controlled sections of hair that replaces straight partings with zigzag partings

Weave Perm Wrap

A non-mirror image with unequal distribution of weight and/or length

Asymmetry

A technique using a brush that is done on the surface of the hair to achieve a light, airy appearance that expands the hair, while providing support and structure to the design

Back-brushing/Ruffing

A technique that uses the comb to create a cushion at the base of the scalp, giving height and volume to a design; also known as cushioning, interlocking, lacing, matting, and ratting

Back-combing

The visual comparison of weight used to offset or equalize proportion

Balance

Normally consists of a rectangular-shaped base used in place of a wet roller application or to support a dry design prior to finishing the style; achieves the same results as a cascade curl but in a larger movement

Barrel Curl

The section of the hair that is attached to the scalp

Base

Method of attaching hair with an adhesive agent

Bonding/Fusion

Small sections of hair where the stem and base are raised from the scalp with the ends turning under, creating mass or fullness known as volume

Cascade Curl/Stand-up Pincurl

The chin and forehead align; the nose appears sunken, creating inward curvature

Concave Profile

A receding chin, protruding nose and high hairline; creates strong outward curvature

Convex Profile

The end of the hair strand that forms a complete circle for pin curls, rollersetting and/or thermal setting

Curl/Circle

Creates movement, softness and/or waves; a continuously bending line without angles

Curved line

Also known as the focal point of a hair design, is the point or the area that the eye is drawn to at first glance

Emphasis

Facial form created by individual bone structure and hairline

Face Shape

The relationship of facial features and shape to each other

Facial Proportion

“C” shapes placed into the hair in alternating directions using the fingers and a comb

Finger waves

A combination of lines that outline a shape

Form

The curl is secured totally off it’s base; provides the maximum amount of movement but the least amount of curl

Full Stem Curl

Natural or synthetic hair attached to the base/scalp area to add length, volume, and/or color

Hair Additions

Small wig or various hair attachments used to cover smaller sections of the head primarily on the top or crown of the head

Hair Additions

Small wig or various hair attachments used to cover smaller sections of the head, primarily on the top or crown of the head

Hairpiece

A method of temporarily straightening curly or uncontrollable hair by means of a heated iron or comb

Hair Pressing/Thermal Hair Straightening

The curl/roller sits 1/2 off 1/2 on its base

Half Off-Base

The curl is secured 1/2 off it’s base; provides a medium amount of movement and curl

Half-Stem Curl

A hair straightening technique that removes all of the curl by using a thermal pressing comb twice on each side of the hair shaft

Hard press

A pleasing arrangement of shapes and lines that incorporates all elements of design

Harmony

Creates emptiness or flat area(s) in a design

Indentation Base

Form of natural styling where hair has grown and intertwined over time; hair is twisted or formed to wrap around itself, creating a rope-like effect

Locs/Dreadlocks

A hair straightening technique using a thermal pressing comb once on each side of the hair shaft, using slightly increased pressure; removes 60%-75% of curl

Medium Press

The curl is secured directly on its base; provides the least amount of movement but the greatest amount of curl

No Stem Curl

The curl sits totally off it’s base

Off-Base

The curl sits completely on its base

On-Base

Provides the support, texture and movement of final design

Polishing

The outline or contour of the face viewed from one side

Profile

The direct correlation of size, distance, amount, and ratio between the individual characteristics when compared with the whole

Proportion

A form of finger waves using two combs instead of the fingers to lift the wave up from the head and create a 3D form

Pushwaves/Scrunchwaves

A repeated pattern in a design

Rhythm

Involves forcing the hair between the thumb and back of the comb to create tension

Ribboning

Flat pin curls following the finger wave’s ridge, producing a strong wave pattern in a finished design; alternating rows create what is known as a skip wave

Ridge Curls

Sculpted by hand, iron or roller, to create texture and/or movement for a style

Sculpture Curls/Carved Curls

Combing a section of the hair in a circular movement over the surface of the head for the formation of waves or curls

Shaping/Molding

Blow drying hair in sections utilizing the comb pick attachment, then flat ironing to complete the straightening process

Silk Press

Wave pattern that combines finger waves and flat pin curls

Skipwave

A straightening technique using a thermal pressing comb once on each side of the hair shaft; removes 50%-60% of curl

Soft press

Area within or surrounding a hair design

Space

The section of hair between the base and the first turn of the roller/curl

Stem

Forehead, nose and chin align, creating a slight outward curvature; ideal profile

Straight Profile

A mirror image from a center point

Symmetry

Evaporate quickly and easily; for example, rubbing alcohol (isopropyl) and hairsprays (ethyl alcohol)

Volatile Alcohols

Alcohols that contain carbon and evaporate dry quickly

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Creates lift, fullness or height in a design

Volume Base

Designing wet hair into a specific shape

Wet Styling

An artificial hair covering that is designed to replace or enhance your guest’s existing hair and/or be a fashion accessory

Wig

Allows products to penetrate the skin to keep it supple and pliable, which helps the skin to retain its stretch and/or elasticity

Absorption

Chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands

Acne

The final stage of HIV, which destroys the immune system

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Rare, congenital skin disorder characterized by a total or partial lack of melanin in the body

Albinism

Rapid or interrupted electrical current that switches direction, moving in one direction then changing to the opposite direction

Alternating Current (AC)

The unit for measuring the strength of an electric current

Ampere/Amp

Lack of perspiration due to an under active suderiferous gland

Anhidrosis

Positive electrode/pole used in electrotherapy

Anode

Agent that prevents or reduces infection by eliminating or decreasing the growth of microorganisms; can be applied safely to the skin to cleanse a superficial wound or assist in the removal of bacteria

Antiseptic

Thick-walled, tube-like vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

Arteries

The thin-walled chambers of the top half of the heart; are referred to as the right and/or left ___

Atrium

Product or item that is capable of destroying bacteria

Bactericidal

The most common and mildest form of skin cancer; it is characterized either as a small red bump with a surface appearance of blood vessels or a “pearly” module with a rough texture

Basal Cell Carcinoma

The middle part of the muscle

Belly

Nourishing fluid that supplies the nutrients and oxygen, carries away waste products, and protects the body from pathogenic bacteria

Blood

Infectious pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood or bodily fluids and can cause disease in humans; these pathogens include, but are not limited to, HepB virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Bloodborne Pathogen

Foul smelling perspiration

Bromhidrosis

Large blister containing clear, watery fluid

Bulla

Negative electrode/pole used in electrotherapy

Cathode

The basic unit of all living matter

Cell

Non-elevated, hyperpigmented, light to dark brown spots and scattered on hands, arms, or face; liver spots or moth patches

Chloasma

A “switch” that automatically shuts off the flow of electricity at the first signs of an overload

Circuit Breaker

Also known as a panel, is a device that automatically stops the flow of electricity in a circuit

Circuit Breaker Box

Comprised of the blood, blood vessels, and heart; responsible for moving blood and lymph throughout the body

Circulatory System

A hair follicle that is closed, keeping the sebum from being exposed to the environment and oxidizing; whitehead

Closed Comedone

Skin lesion containing masses of sebum trapped in the hair follicle; two types open (blackheads) and closed (whiteheads)

Comedo

Main source of blood supply to the face, head, and neck

Common Carotid Artery

Flow of positive and negative electric currents from a generating source, through a conductor and back to the generating source

Complete Electric Current

Any material that allows or supports the flow of electric current; for example metal, copper, and water

Conductor

A common bacterial infection of the eyes that is highly contagious

Conjunctivitis/Pinkeye

Device that switches direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC)

Converter

Inflammation of the skin from any cause, resulting in a range of symptoms, such as redness, swelling, itching, or blistering

Dermatitis

An allergic reaction caused by the skin’s sensitivity to the exposure or use of a certain product; contact dermatitis

Dermatitis Venenata

The study of skin, it’s functions, structures, conditions, diseases/disorders and treatments

Dermatology

The underlying or inner layer of the skins directly below the epidermis, also know as Derma, Corium, Curis, or True Skin

Dermis

Comprised of the stomach, intestines, mouth and several glands that digest food and break it down into nutrients

Digestive System

Electric current that flows in only one direction

Direct Current (DC)

To destroy microorganisms on nonporous surfaces and prevent infection; the second level of infection control

Disinfection

Gland that secretes waste from the body and deposits it on the skin’s surface; located within the dermis

Duct Gland

Painful, itchy and non-contagious skin inflammation, which can have the appearance of either dry or moist lesions

Eczema

Massage technique that involves gliding, stroking, or circular movements, utilizing a light, slow, consistent motion with either light or no pressure

Effleurage

Body system comprised of specialized, ductless glands that regulate hormone production

Endocrine System

The outermost layer of the skin, containing many small nerve endings, but no blood vessels; also known as the Basal Layer

Epidermis

Spongy bone between both eye sockets that forms part of the nasal cavity

Ethmoid Bone

Occurs through the scraping or scratching of the epidermal layer or skin’s surface; this can occur with an existing sore being scratched, irritating the existing injury

Excoriation

Accomplished when the sweat glands disperse perspiration; this maintains a healthy temperature by cooling the body

Excretion

Comprised of the kidneys, liver, skin, large intestine and lungs that eliminate waste from the body

Excretory System

Massage technique that involves deep rubbing, rolling, or wringing movement applied with pressure, forcing one layer of tissue to press against another layer, therefore flattening or stretching that tissue

Friction

Capable of destroying fungi

Fungicidal

Designed to prevent an excessive amount of electrical current from passing through the circuit

Fuse

Contains small devices with metal wires that link to the main source of electricity for the entire building

Fuse box

Constant and direct current set to a safe, low voltage level; chemical changes are produced when the current is passed through certain solutions containing acids and salts

Galvanic Current

A term used to promote electrical safety, which means the electrical current is safely carried away from you to the ground; doing this to electrical equipment will prevent electrical shock

Grounding

Maintaining a body temp of 98.6°F through the blood and excretion of perspiration

Heat Regulation

Bloodborne virus that can cause inflammation of the liver caused by infections of toxic agents and is characterized by jaundice, fever, liver enlargement, and abdominal pain

Hepatitis

Commonly known as a fever blister or cold sore; a contagious skin disorder associated with a viral infection

Herpes Simplex (HSV)

Extreme hairiness or excessive growth of hair, sometimes on uncommon areas of the face and body

Hirsutism/Hypertrichosis

Bloodborne pathogen that weakens the immune system by destroying the white blood cells; virus that can lead to AIDS

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

An over-abundance of perspiration due to an overactive suderiferous gland

Hyperhidrosis

Contagious bacterial infection of the skin characterized by open lesions

Impetigo

Portion of the muscle joined to the movable portion of the bone to assist movement

Insertion

Comprised of skin and it’s layers; serves as a protective covering

Integumentary System

The light that is invisible to the naked eye

Invisible light

The process of forcing a water-based soluble solution into the skin using a galvanic current

Iontophoresis

A thickened or hardened area of skin caused by friction, continual rubbing, or pressure over the same part of skin

Keratoma/Callus/Tyloma

Measures 1,000 watts of electrical power used in an apparatus within one second

Kilowatt

Wound or mark on the skin that can be considered either a disease or disorder

Lesion

Skin disorder that is characterized by light patches (hypopigmentation); can be caused by a burn or congenital disease, such as albinism

Leukoderma

Clear, slightly yellow fluid located within the vessels and is filtered by the lymph nodes

Lymph

The main function is to protect the body from disease by developing immunities

Lymphatic/Immune System

Areas of discoloration that appear on the skin surface; for example, freckles

Macule

The most dangerous form of skin cancer; appears as dark brown or black spots or lesions with an uneven shape, size, and/or color

Malignant Melanoma

Special cells that produce the skin pigment called melanin

Melanocyte

Small, white, keratin-filled bumps or cysts that are enclosed within the epidermis with no visible opening; commonly found around the eyes, cheeks, and/or forehead

Milia

A rash of tiny, red, raised spots appearing on the skin, accompanied by burning and itching; also known as heat rash or prickly heat

Miliaria Rubra

Less than 1/1000 of an ampere; electrical equipment used for facial treatments have controls that allow the current to be reduced to 1/1000 of an amp

Milliampere

Process in which human tissue cells reproduce by dividing in half, creating two daughter cells

Mitosis

Small flat or raised pigmented spot on the surface of the skin, ranging in color from light to dark brown

Mole

Nerve that carries messages to the brain and/or spinal cord to produce movement

Motor Nerve

Infection that is resistant to certain antibiotics; commonly found on the skin and starts as small, red bumps

MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus)

Contracts and moves various parts of the body and supports the skeletal system

Muscular System

The study of muscles - their structures, function, and diseases

Myology

Comprised of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; it regulates and controls all of the body’s activities

Nervous System

The scientific study of the structure and purpose of the nervous system

Neurology

Birthmark on the skin, characterized by small or large irregularly-shaped marks or stains

Nevus

A material that prevents the flow of electricity; for example cement, glass, rubber, silk, and wood

Nonconductor/Insulator

Involuntary muscle that is smooth and not marked with lines

Non-Striated Muscle

Unit for measuring the resistance of an electric current

Ohm

A hair follicle containing masses of hardened sebum and keratin; the open pore appears black due to the sebum being exposed to the environment and oxidizing; blackhead

Open Comedone

Separate body structures composed of multiple tissues that each perform specific functions

Organs

The place where a muscle attaches to a non-moving section of bone

Origin

Outermost layer of the dermis, directly underneath the epidermis

Papillary Layer

Small, red, elevated protrusion of the skin, usually containing no pus

Papule

Massage technique that involves short, light tapping or slapping movements

Percussion/Tapotement

Massage technique that involves kneading, lifting, or grasping movement

Petrissage

Colorless particle located in the blood that is responsible for clotting

Platelet/Thrombocyte

Property of having two opposites; a positive and negative pole of an electric current

Polarity

Guarding against the skin’s enemies, such as UV rays, extreme weather conditions, bacterial infections, and injury

Protection

Able to kill the Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria

Pseudomonacidal

Inflamed, elevated pimple that contains pus

Pustule

Device that switches alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC)

Rectifier

Comprised of the organs necessary to reproduce

Reproductive System

Comprised of the organs that help to process air

Respiratory System

Deeper layer of the derma located below the papillary layer that assists in supplying skin with nutrients and oxygen

Reticular Layer

Chronic skin disorder of the face with red inflamed areas appearing mostly on the nose and cheeks

Rosacea

The lowest level of decontamination that is a physical or chemical process of reducing the surface pathogens and dirt; it will aid in preventing the growth of germs but will not kill bacteria

Sanitation

Sac-like duct gland attached to the hair follicles that produce sebum

Sebaceous Gland

Oily substance that lubricates the skin or scalp and is secreted from the sebaceous glands

Sebum

When sebum, an oily substance, is delivered from the sebaceous glands to provide moisture and maintain skin’s elasticity

Secretion

Nerve endings are stimulated through touch, heat, cold, pressure, and pain receptors; these receptors are situated near the hair follicles within the dermis and send messages to the brain to react

Sensation

Nerve that carries messages to the brain and/or spinal cord to recognize touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, smell, pain, and pressure

Sensory Nerve

Physical foundation of the body; composed of 206 bones

Skeletal System

More serious than Basal Cell Carcinoma and is characterized by red, scaly patches or open sores that may bleed or crust

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

The chemical process that completely destroys all microbial life and bacterial spores on nonporous surfaces; the most effective/highest level of infection control; germ-free

Sterilization

Outermost layer of the epidermis, known as the horny layer

Stratum Corneum

Deepest/Innermost layer of the epidermis, known as the basal cell layer

Stratum Germinativum

Granular-like layer of the epidermis located between the Stratum Lucidum and Stratum Spinosum

Stratum Granulosum

Clear layer of epidermis just below the Stratum Corneum

Stratum Lucidum

Layer where the cells develop tiny spines that assist in binding all cells tightly together

Stratum Spinosum

Voluntary muscles attached to the bones and are knowingly controlled; also known as skeletal muscles

Striated muscles

Fatty tissue found beneath the dermis

Subcutaneous Tissue/Adipose Tissue

Consist of tube-like ducts that begin in the dermis and extend into the epidermis by attaching themselves to hair follicles; sweat glands

Suderiferous Gland

Often due to over-functioning or under-functioning internal glands or organs

Systemic Disease

Uses alternating current (AC) that produces heat and provides stimulation and/or relaxation to the skin and scalp; also known as Violet Ray

Tesla High Frequency Current

This gland controls how quickly the body burns energy (metabolism), makes proteins, and how sensitive the body should be to other hormones

Thyroid Gland

Groups of similar cells that perform specific functions

Tissues

Product that is able to kill the bacteria that cause tuberculosis

Tuberculocidal

Permits the blood to flow in one direction only, either into or out of the ventricles and/or atrium

Valve

Thin-walled, tube-like vessels that carry impure blood back to the heart; contain small cup-like structures that keep the blood flowing in one direction

Veins

Thick-walled chambers on the bottom half of the heart and are referred to as the right and/or left

Ventricle

The medical term for a wart, characterized by a hard, rough, red, or flesh-colored bump that is commonly found on hands or feet

Verruca

Small blister or sac filled with a clear fluid

Vesicle

Massage technique that involves the use of the tips of the fingers to produce a rapid shaking movement

Vibration

Capable of destroying viruses

Virucidal

Varying degrees of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum that are visible to the human eye

Visible Spectrum of Light

Inherited skin disorder producing smooth, irregularly-shaped white patches, caused by the loss of pigment producing cells

Vitiligo

Unit for measuring the force or pressure of an electric current

Volt

Measures the amount of electrical energy used by an apparatus within one second

Watt

An itchy swollen lesion that occurs shortly after an insect bite or allergic reaction; also known as Urticaria

Wheal

The muscles that spread the fingers or toes

Abductor Muscles

Disinfectant based on a stabilized hydrogen peroxide that is non-toxic to the skin and environment; this type of disinfectant only needs to be changed every 14 days

Accelerated Hydrogen Peroxide (AHP)

A high-quality virgin plastic used to manufacture nail tips

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)

The muscles that pull the fingers or toes together

Adductor Muscles

The split cuticle around the nail

Agnail/Hangnail

Extremely flammable, colorless liquid that evaporates quickly

Alcohol

The curvature side view of a nail tip that provides support to the stress area and sides of the nail tip

Arch/Apex

Visible depressions running the width of the natural nail plate. Usually the result of a major illness or injury, such as pneumonia, adverse drug reaction, surgery and/or heart failure. This occurs because the matrix slows down nail cell production for an extended period of time.

Beau's Lines

Thin layer of skin cells between the nail bed and the nail plate

Bed Epithelium

Dark purplish discoloration under the nail caused by trauma

Bruised Nail

The eight bones that form the wrist

Carpals

The chemical reaction that causes hardening

Curing/Polymerization

The small portion of non-living epidermis extending around the base of the nail

Cuticle

Specialized acrylic monomers that quickly polymerize with the addition of alcohol, water or any weak alkaline product to form an adhesive

Cyanoacrylates

Nerves located in the fingers and toes

Digital Nerve

Noticeable thin, white nail plate that is more flexible than normal

Eggshell Nail

Living skin at the base of the nail plate that partially overlaps the lunula

Eponychium

The muscles that aid in the straightening of a joint

Extensor Muscles

Very thin and tightly woven materials, such as linen, silk or fiberglass that are used to strengthen the natural nail or are applied over nail tips

Fabric Wraps

Long bone extending from the hip to the knee, also known as the thigh bone

Femur

Bone forming the outer part of the lower leg, extending from the knee to the ankle

Fibula

The muscle that controls the little toe

Flexor Digiti Minimi

The muscle that bends a joint

Flexor Muscle

The part of the nail plate that extends beyond the fingertip

Free Edge

The muscle located in the calf that pulls the foot down; attached to the lower portion of the heel

Gastrocnemius

The largest bone in the upper arm, extending from the shoulder to the elbow

Humerus

The skin between the free edge and fingertip of the natural nail

Hyponychium

Substances that begin the polymerization process that starts the chain reaction, leading to very long polymer chains being created

Initiators

The tacky, film-like layer that forms on the top of the nail enhancement

Inhibition Layer

Whitish discoloration of the nails caused by injury; White Spots

Leukonychia

Spongy, respiratory organs responsible for inhaling and exhaling

Lungs

Whitish, half-moon shape at the base of the nail

Lunula

Cosmetic service for care of the hands, which includes skin and nail care, cosmetic treatments and procedures, polishing techniques and artificial nail applications

Manicure

Pocket-like fold of skin that holds the nail root and the matrix

Mantle

Part of the nail bed that extends below the nail root and helps to produce the nail plate

Matrix

The smallest of the three arm and hand nerves; runs along the mid-forearm and extends into the hands

Median Nerve

Darkening of the nails caused by excess melanin; can be in a band or stripe

Melanonychia

The five long, thin bones between the wrist and fingers, forming the palm of the hand

Metacarpals

The five long, slender bones located between the ankles and the toes

Metatarsals

Used to gently scrape the cuticle from the natural nail; made of stainless steel and can be disinfected and reused

Metal Pushers

Type of monomer that is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid compound; polymerized readily and is used especially as a monomer for acrylic resin; has a small molecule size and can penetrate body tissue or skin and possibly cause an allergic reaction

Methyl Methacrylate (MMA)

Causing small unseen openings in the skin that allow for the entry of pathogens

Microtrauma

The liquid that mixes with acrylic powder and binds the acrylic polymers to form a nail enhancement

Monomer

The portion of the skin that the nail plate rests upon as it grows out

Nail Bed

Removes moisture or oils from the nail plate prior to nail enhancement services

Nail Dehydrator

The folds of normal skin that surround the natural nail plate

Nail Folds

Slits or grooves on the sides of the nail that allow growth

Nail Grooves

Translucent portion of the nail, extending from the nail root to the free edge; sometimes referred to as the nail body

Nail Plate

A non-infectious condition that affects the surface of the natural nail. The nail will appear pitted and/or have roughness on the surface.

Nail Psoriasis

Forward growth of living skin that adheres to the surface of the nail plate

Nail Pterygium

A metal tool that has a grooved edge; typically used for pedicures to smooth and file the free edge

Nail Rasp

The portion of the nail plate hidden under a fold of skin (mantle) at the base of the nail plate

Nail Root

The piece of skin that overlaps onto the side of the nail; lateral nail fold

Nail Sidewall

Used to adhere the fabric wrap to the natural nail or nail tip

Nail Wrap Resin

Short polymer chains that consist of just a few monomers, creating a thickened resin or a "gel-like" substance

Oligomers

Inflammation of the nail matrix

Onychia

Ingrown nail

Onychocryptosis

Loosening or separation of the nail plate from the nail bed, without shedding

Onycholysis

Fungal infection of the nail

Onychomycosis

Bitten nails

Onychophagy

Abnormal brittleness of the nail plate

Onychorrhexis

General term for any nail disease or deformity

Onychosis

The technical term for nails

Onyx

Thick or dark quality that makes products difficult to see through

Opacity

Group of adductor muscles located in the palm that pulls the thumb toward the fingers

Opponens Muscles

Any fabric wrap, UV cured-gel or acrylic/sculpted nail that is applied to enhance and/or strengthen the natural nail

Overlay

Bacterial inflammation of the skin surrounding the nail plate

Paronychia

Technical term for the kneecap

Patella

Cosmetic care of the toenails and feet

Pedicure

Additional or excessive skin that overlaps onto the sides of the nail plate

Perionychium

Shorter of the two muscles responsible for rotating the foot down and out

Peroneus Brevis

Longer of the two muscles responsible for rotating the foot down and out

Peroneus Longus

The bones of the fingers or toes; digits

Phalanges

Strong, high pH disinfectant

Phenols

The chemical that begins the polymerization process in gel nails

Photoinitiators

A concentrate or powder made up of acrylic powder that when mixed with a monomer forms a nail enhancement

Polymers

The chemical reaction, also known as curing or hardening, that creates polymers

Polymerization

The edge of the well that bumps up against the free edge of the natural nail

Position Stop

Liquid solution, containing methacrylic acid that is applied sparingly to the natural nail plate prior to acrylic product application to assist in adhesion of the enhancement

Primer

Turns the forearm and hand inward so the palm faces downward

Pronator Muscles

Small rounded mass (vascular tissue) projecting from the nail bed to the nail plate

Pyogenic Granuloma

The standard name for disinfectants

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/Quats

Supplies blood to the thumb side of the arm and the back of the hand

Radial Artery

The nerve that runs along the thumb side of the arm and the back of the hand

Radial Nerve

Outer and smaller bone on the inside of the forearm; located on the thumb side

Radius

Based on the use of reflex points located throughout the hands, feet, and head that are linked to other parts of the body

Reflexology

A vertical or horizontal indentation running the length or width of the nail plate; also known as furrow or corrugation

Ridges

Made from thin natural material with a tight weave that provides a smooth, even, clear appearance after a wrap resin is applied

Silk Wraps

Commonly known as bleach

Sodium Hypochlorite

The muscle that is attached to the lower heel and bends the foot down

Soleus

The edge of the nail tip below the contact area that is the most vulnerable area, accepting everyday wear and tear

Stress Area

Turns the forearm and hand outward so the palm faces upward

Supinator Muscle

The seven bones that form the ankle

Tarsals

The largest of the two bones below the knee that form the lower leg; the shin bone

Tibia

The muscle that covers the shin and bends the foot

Tibialis Anterior

The muscle that helps the foot flex inward

Tibialis Posterior

A contagious fungal infection, distinguished by itching, scales, and occasionally painful lesions; ringworm

Tinea

A fungal infection that can occur on the bottom of the feet, as well as, between the toes, which can spread to the toenails; Athlete's Foot

Tinea Pedis

Inner and larger bone on the outside of the forearm; located on the pinky side

Ulna

Supplies blood to the little finger side of the arm and the palm of the hand

Ulnar Artery

The nerve that runs along the little finger side of the arm and the palm of the hand

Ulnar Nerve

The main ingredients used to create UV gel nail enhancements

Urethane Acrylate and Urethane Methacrylate

Used to gently remove cuticle tissue away from the nail plate and clean under the free edge; made from orangewood, rosewood, or other hardwoods; disposable alternatives for pushing back cuticles

Wooden Pusher

The technique of coloring some hair strands darker than their natural hair color (typically done by foiling)

Lowlighting

Amino acids are connected by an end bond or peptide bond to form a long, single chain known as a polypeptide or an _____

Alpha helix

Three alpha helix coils twist around each other to form a ____

Protofibril

Nine protofibrils are packaged together as a ____

Bundle

Eleven bundles will produce a ____

Microfibril

100’s of microfibrils are locked together in a fibrous bundle known as a ___

Macrofibril

Hundreds of macrofibrils group together to create a ____

Cortical fiber

The corticosteroids fibers grouped together produce the ____

Cortex

The dried dead cells that surround the cortex

Cuticle scales

A dry type of dandruff characterized by white, lightweight flakes that either attach to the scalp in clusters or are scattered loosely within the hair and eventually fall to the shoulders.

Pityriasis Capitis Simplex

An excessive growth of hair in uncommon areas of the face or body. Example: terminal hair above the lip and/or underneath the chin or hairline.

Hypertrichosis/Hirsuties

Hair that is naturally shed or gathered from a brush and/or comb.

Fallen hair

A white substance that grows on the surface of things in wet, warm conditions, but does not cause human infection on the skin

Mildew

Lice can survive on the scalp for ____ days; eggs can survive up to ____ weeks

10 days; 2 weeks

Itch mites can survive without a host (person) for ___ hours and can live on a person for ___ month(s)

48-72 hours; 1 month

A form of fibrous tissue that produce movement of the body parts, maintain tension, or pump fluids within the body

Muscles

This wedge-shaped bone joins all the bones of the cranium

Sphenoid

This consists of seven vertebrae that make up the portion of the spinal column located in the neck

Cervical vertebrae

A long bone located at the upper part of the chest; connects the sternum and the scapula

Clavicle/Collarbone

Consists of two large, flat bones that form the back part of the shoulder blades

Scapula

The large, flat, triangular muscle covering the lower back. It helps extend the arm away from the body and rotate the shoulder.

Latissimus Dorsi

A major muscle that stretches across the front of the upper chest, enabling arms to swing.

Pectoralis

A chest muscle that assists in elevating the arm and in breathing.

Serratus Anterior

This is used in reference to contaminants or mineral content found in water. Two methods of removal are filtration and softening.

Impurity

This is the separation of water from its mineral substances, such as magnesium, iron, calcium, or organic matter.

Filtration

The removal of the unfiltered or dissolved mineral particles in water that are not eliminated through filtration.

Softening

This surfactant has a detergent base that is inexpensive, but has excellent deep cleansing abilities and is easily rinsed from the hair.

Anionic

This surfactant is excellent for deep cleansing and removal of oil from the scalp.

Nonionic

These shampoos are generally formulated to maintain a healthy pH balance for scalp and hair. It prevents moisture loss from hair and assists in closing the cuticle.

Acid Balance Shampoo

Deep cleansing shampoo used to break down product build-up. They are used either once a week or every two weeks, depending on the amount of product used daily

Clarifying Shampoo

Shampoo that refreshes, brightens, or adds a slight color change to the hair. They contain a surfactant with some basic hair color ingredients.

Color shampoos

Shampoos that contain moisture and protein agents, which help restore elasticity and strength to the hair and provide volume

Conditioning shampoo

This shampoo is used for guests that are unable to rest their head in a shampoo bowl. It is manufactured in either a spray or powder form, applied on hair, and then brushed through

Dry shampoo

Shampoo that typically contains an anti-microbic ingredient, such as zinc or selenium sulphide, to remedy dandruff or other scalp conditions.

Medicated shampoo

Shampoos that are pH balanced to be in the 4.5-5.5 range, the same as the skin. This shampoo helps to close the cuticle and is recommended for color or chemically treated hair.

pH-balanced shampoo

This shampoo is gentler on the scalp, and is less likely to cause an allergic reaction. These shampoos are popular to market for color-treated hair because they do not contain sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). SLS may excessively remove essential oils, irritate the scalp, and/or cause hair to be dry

Sulphate-free or Low Sulfate shampoos

This product enhances strength and shine and minimizes the damage to the hair shaft

Conditioner

This conditioner eliminates friction and helps to flatten the cuticle. It is combed through the hair after the shampoo to ensure complete coverage. It is then immediately rinsed, leaving a light coating over the hair shaft, providing ease in detangling hair

Surface conditioner/rinse-out conditioner

Conditioner containing the moisture retention ingredient Humectant. These heavy, cream conditioners stay on the hair longer (10-20 mins) for improved penetration into the cuticle.

Moisturizing conditioner

This ingredient, found in some conditioners, has the physical properties of absorbing and retaining moisture.

Humectant

This conditioner is a deep penetrating conditioner that incorporates technological advances to enable rebuilding the amino acid structure within the hair. These are left on the hair for an average of 10-20 minutes depending on the manufacturer instructions.

Reconstructors

Conditioning treatments that are reconstructors generally made of keratin-based liquid that when placed on the cuticle, penetrate into the cortex. This equalizes porosity and improves the hair’s elasticity/strength.

Protein treatments

These treatments are surface conditioners that are generally lightweight and remain on the hair, not be rinsed out. Styling products can be applied and hair design continued.

Leave-in treatments

These conditioners provide moisture to the hair. This type of conditioner is applied on shaped hair, combed through and rinsed out, leaving the hair soft and manageable. These conditioners are designed to restore hair to a pH balanced state following chemical hair services.

Instant conditioners

This face shape has an ideally balanced vertical and horizontal proportion for hair designing. It tapers in a gentle slope from the widest portion, the forehead, to the narrowest portion, the chin.

Oval

This face shape is almost as wide as it is long. It typically features a wider middle zone, shorter chin, and rounded hairline. You can balance this with angular haircuts and accompanying hair designs. Create minimal volume on the sides and add volume and/or height to the crown.

Round

This face shape is equal in width and length. The outer lines are straight vertically and horizontally. Add softness in a hairstyle to draw the eye away from the strong jawline and frame the forehead line to soften it/reduce edges of the face.

Square

This face shape is longer than it is wide. A person with this face shape often has prominent cheekbones, a long, angular chin, and a high forehead. Add curvature to the hairstyle and shorten the face using a fringe in the forehead or chin area. For width, create volume to the sides. Use bands to help shorten the facial appearance. Keep the overall length short to moderate.

Oblong

This face shape is widest at the forehead and narrowest at the chin. Balance with fullness around the jawline and soft waves at the forehead. Create a soft, partial fringe to offset the width of the forehead.

Inverted Triangle/Heart

This face shape has a narrow forehead and jaw. The face is angular and typically has prominent cheeks. Divert attention from angular features with a hairstyle that skims the cheekbones or adds fullness above or below the cheeks to balance. Create fullness to the forehead and chin areas. Keep hair close to the head at the sides. Do not lift the hair away from the sides at the cheekbone areas.

Diamond

This face shape features a narrow forehead and wide chin. Add softness in the hairstyle around the jawline and fullness above the eyes. Create width with volume in the forehead and crown areas. Create a soft band to disguise the forehead. Style the hair toward the chin and jaw areas.

Triangle/Pear

Facial zone ____ is between the hairline and eyebrow line

One

Facial zone ___ is between the eyebrow line and the tip of the nose.

Two

Facial zone ____ is between the tip of the nose and the chin

Three

____ lines are when horizontal lines and vertical lines meet at a 90° angle, creating a hard edge.

Contrasting

______ lines are usually curved lines that will blend, add movement and soften horizontal or vertical lines

Transitional

_____ lines are lines that gradually taper off into infinity, creating an effect similar to that when viewing the lines of a road disappearing in the distance.

Vanishing

_____ lines are curved inward in a bowl shape. The outer areas are cut longer than the inner areas.

Concave

_____ lines are curved outward in an arch shape. The outer areas are cut longer than the outer areas.

Convex

____ lines create endless design element variations. The creative combination of lines will produce a blending of the characteristics of all types of lines.

Combination

_____ lines are shattered, uneven lines that visually connect movement within a haircut. Texturizing is the main technique used to achieve these lines.

Disrupted

____ line is the angle at which you fingers are held to determine your end result.

Cutting

_____ lines are lines with a definite forward and backward movement.

Directional

A(n) _____ line is created by the elevation of degrees cut into the hair; for example, low to medium to high

Inclination

_____ scalp and hair are usually due to a lack of sebaceous glad activity, resulting in flaky, itchy, and slightly pink scalp.

Dry

____ scalp and hair are attributed to over-stimulated sebaceous glands and/or poor hygiene, diet, or use of improper cleansing products.

Oily

_____ hair is produced by a round or circular-shaped follicle

Straight

____ hair is produced by a large oval-shaped follicle

Wavy

____ hair is produced by a narrow oval or flat-shaped follicle.

Curly

____ porosity has an average amount of absorption, considering it to be in good condition.

Normal

_____ porosity is usually indicated by the combination of severe porosity on the ends with resistant or normal porosity on the mid-strand. This can be due to heavy use of heating tools, improper chemical services and/or irregular haircut visits.

Irregular

_____ porosity has the cuticle scales lying flat, making the amount of liquid absorbed minimal.

Resistant

______ porosity is when the cuticle scales are raised due to damage by either chemical services or use of harsh hair care tools.

Severe

____ elasticity on wet hair generally can be stretched 50% of its length or if hair is dry, usually 1/5 of its length

Average

___ elasticity hair will break easily due to the use of harsh hair care products or being over-processed

Low

This density has the most hair strands per square inch on the scalp

Thick/High

This density has an average amount of hair strands per square inch on the scalp

Medium

This density has a lesser amount of hair strands per square inch on the scalp

Thin/Low

This comb is usually designed with measurements from 1 inch to 6 inches indicated on the backbone of the comb. These markings are used to measure the different hair lengths.

Cutting comb

This comb is used to distribute, shape, and part the hair into sections. It is also used to weave strands for weave hair cutting.

Tail comb

This comb is perfect for working close to the head; has fine short teeth at one end and long coarse teeth at the other. It is also ideal for blending.

Tapered Hard Rubber Comb

This comb is the result of high tech design and materials, making it a favorite for precise parting and sectioning. The comb is designed for comfort , control and durability and is manufactured a variety of sizes.

Parting comb

This comb is especially designed with a long handle and widely-spaced teeth to comb deep lines and grooves into the hair.

Tail Rake Comb

This comb features teeth that are tapered to a point. This creates very wide spacing in the finished design. This is a great tool to add lift to curly hair or for use when dry cutting.

Rake Comb

This comb is specifically designed for use with clippers. The comb is constructed with long teeth that help clipper travel smoothly over the comb’s surface, creating a more uniform cut. When using a clipper-over-comb technique, this comb is an excellent tool for blending.

Clipper comb

Brush designed with short, synthetic, heat-resistant bristles. It features an aerated metal barrel that retains heat from the blow dryer, causing hair to curl faster.

Thermal Metal Round Brush

This brush is used with a blow dryer to add texture and curl to hair. Constructed with plastic, rubber, or wood handles and short, synthetic, heat-resistant bristles, the brush is also available with beaded tips to prevent scalp abrasions.

Plastic Round Brush

This brush works similar to a curling iron when forming hair around the metal base of the brush during blow drying. These natural bristles are softer than most synthetic bristles. Because they don’t cut into the hair when brushing, they halo polish the hair and prevent split ends.

Boar Bristle Round Brush

This brush is used for smoothing, shaping, and polishing hair; it is constructed of heat resistant synthetic materials. The rubber based back helps eliminate static electricity when used with a blow dryer.

Pin Type Brush

This brush features short, widely spaced bristles on one side for root lifting and volume, and longer bristles in the other side for hair distribution. Some styles have beaded bristles that help prevent split ends and scalp abrasions.

Double Back Vent Brush

This brush is constructed with wire bristles and beaded plastic tips to prevent scalp abrasions. It’s used to relax sets , brush out tangles before shampooing , and remove tangles after shampooing.

Cushioned Wire Vent Brush

When the melanocytes gradually become inactive. Production of melanin is slowed down, turning hair to a grey color that varies in pigment concentration. This typically occurs as the human body ages and/or because of genetics.

Acquired Canities

These canities can occur before or at birth. Albinism is the best example of melanin production slowing down or being totally absent.

Congenital Canities

Paraphenylenediamine (para-phe-ni-lene-i-dia-mine) and Pararoluenediamine (para-tol-u-ene-dia-mine) are the two types of dye molecules used in _____

Aniline Derivative Haircolors

These solutions contain more hydrogen ions. The products contract and harden the hair and have a sour taste.

Acidic solutions

These solutions contain a lesser amount of hydrogen ions. The products soften and swell the hair and have a bitter taste.

Alkaline

The natural pH of hair

4.5-5.5

pH of Hydrogen Peroxide

2.5-4.0

pH of temporary hair color

3.5-4.5

pH of distilled water

pH of permanent hair color

8.0-9.5

pH of lightener

10.0-10.5

pH of ammonia

11.5

____ is what gives color its color. The source can be natural, chemical, or mineral.

Pigment

_____ is known as a collection of two or more colors grouped together or mixed together to produce various moods, effects, and enhancements to natural hair color

Color scheme

_____ are colors next to each other on the color wheel; when used together in a grouping, they can achieve very dramatic effects. For example: blue, blue-green, and green.

Analogous Colors

The predominant tone of the color

Base Color

On hair color, the ____ represents the level of color

Number

On hair color, the ____ represents the series (color)

Letter

The _____ of developer is defined by the level of concentration and strength of hydrogen peroxide.

Volume

Three polypeptide chains twist around each other to form a ____

Protofibril

Nine protofibrils are packaged together as a ____

Bundle

Eleven bundles will produce a ____

Microfibril

Hundreds of microfibrils are cemented together in a fibrous protein bundle, known as a ____

Macrofibril

Consists of molecules that are very far apart

Gas

Consists of molecules that are close together (a component of gas)

Vapor

Consists of molecules that are very close together

Liquid

Consists of molecules that are closest together

Solid

Any substance made of one type of atom and cannot be chemically broken

Element

pH of hydroxide relaxers

13+

ph of thio relaxers

Approximately 10

ph of exothermic waves

9.0-9.8

ph of alkaline/cold waves

9.0-9.6

pH of ammonia free waves

7.0-9.6

pH of thio free waves

7.0-9.5

pH of acid/heat waves

4.5-7.0

The breaking of the disulfide bond

Reduction

When a chemical remains on the hair beyond the recommended processing time, producing dry and damaged hair

Over-processed

When a chemical does not remain on the hair long enough to produce the desired result.

Under-processed hair

The ability of the product to produce favorable results.

Efficacy

Disinfectants that destroy viruses, fungi and bacteria. They are EPA-registered

Broad-Spectrum Sterilizers

A strong steel vessel that is used for steam sterilization of tools or materials. Implements/tools are placed into the machine to destroy all bacteria.

Autoclave container

A cabinet where tools, such as combs, brushes, or nail implements, are stored after being cleaned and disinfected.

Ultraviolet Storage Container

The method used by living cells to process nutrient molecules and maintain a living state.

Cell metabolism

This tissue serves as a protective covering for the body’s surfaces and organs. Example: skin and membranes

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue that carries signals back and forth to the brain to coordinate and manage all bodily functions

Nerve Tissue

Tissue that contracts when stimulated to produce movement of body parts.

Muscular Tissue

Tissue that is a supporting protective layer that surrounds other tissue and organs. Specialized ones include bones, cartilage, ligaments, blood, and fat.

Connective Tissue

This tissue is blood and lymph that carry waste, hormones, and food throughout the body

Liquid tissue

The study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals

Histology

A thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell that controls passage of substances in and out of the cell; it can also be called the “cell wall”

Cell Membrane

The watery material found between the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane. This contains substances that aid cellular growth and repair.

Cytoplasm

The central part of the cell, separated by the nuclear membrane that contains DNA and RNA, which is responsible for growth and reproduction.

Nucleus

The control center of the body

Brain

Multi-chambered, muscular organ that maintains the flow of blood through the entire circulatory system.

Heart

Two sac-like respiratory organs, which remove carbon dioxide from the blood while providing it with oxygen

Lungs

Consists of membranous tissue, which covers the body and protects all internal structures.

Skin

The principal organs for digesting food.

Stomach and intestines

The organ(s) that maintain proper water and electrolyte balance and eliminate waste from the bloodstream.

Kidneys

Secretes bile, a substance that aids in the digestion and absorption of fats. This organ is active in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins and helps to detoxify the body of poisons.

Liver

A group of interacting or interdependent structures within the body that act together to perform a specific function.

Body systems

This gland controls most every physiological process throughout the human body. It is responsible for growth, metabolism, sexual organ functions (for both men and women), contractions during childbirth, breast milk production, and blood pressure.

Pituitary gland

This gland controls how quickly the body burns energy (metabolism), makes proteins, and how sensitive the body should be to other hormones.

Thyroid Gland

The scientific study of the anatomy, structure, and function of bones

Osteology

The physical foundation of the body; it is composed of 206 bones that are connected by movable and immovable joints.

Skeletal System

The single largest and strongest facial bone that forms the lower jaw.

Mandible

Refers to the cheekbones consisting of two bones, one on each side of the face, that form the upper part of the cheek and the lower part of the eye socket.

Zygomatic

The small, thin bones located at the front inner wall of the eye sockets.

Lacrimal

Consists of two bones that form the upper jaw

Maxilla

Consists of two bones that form the bridge of the nose

Nasal bone

The two spongy, spiral-shaped bones that form the inside walls of the nasal passage.

Turbinal/Turbinate

The two spongy, spiral-shaped bones that form the inside walls of the nasal passage.

Turbinal/Turbinate

The two spongy, spiral-shaped bones that form the inside walls of the nasal passage.

Turbinal/Turbinate

The two spongy, spiral-shaped bones that form the inside walls of the nasal passage.

Turbinal/Turbinate

A flat bone that forms the center of the nasal septum. The septum divides the nostrils.

Vomer

A wedge-shaped bone that joins all the bones of the cranium.

Sphenoid

Forms the roof of the mouth or the palate.

Palatine

Calcified connective tissue made up of bone cells in various shapes. The hardest tissue in the body, except for the tissue that forms the major parts of the teeth.

Bones

The hinges that hold the skeletal system together by connecting two or more bones. They can be movable, such as the knees and elbows. Others have no movement, like those located in the skull.

Joints

Bands of cord-like tissue that support the joints, which connect the bones to one another. These are important because they provide support for the muscles and nerves, which permit movement of the body.

Ligaments

Consist of seven bones that make up the portion of the spinal column located in the neck.

Cervical vertebrae

A horseshoe- shaped bone located in the throat at the base of the tongue, also known as the Adam’s Apple

Hyoid

A long bone, sometimes known as the collarbone, and is located at the upper part of the chest; connects the sternum and the scapula.

Clavicle

A long, flat bone connecting and supporting the ribs; also known as the breast bone.

Sternum

Consists of two large, flat bones that form the back part of the shoulder blades.

Scapula

Twelve pairs of bones that are located on the lower part of the thorax

Ribs

The bones located between the neck and abdomen, commonly known as the chest.

Thorax/Thoracic Cage

The involuntary heart muscle, which produces movements to pump blood through the circulatory system.

Cardiac Muscle

A group of three separate muscles, which are attached to the cartilage, found on the external part of the ear.

Auricularis

Muscle located in front of the ear and can move the ear forward

Anterior Muscle

Muscle located behind the ear and can move the ear backward.

Posterior Muscle

Muscle located at the top of the ear and can move the ear upward.

Superior Muscle

The muscle located between the eyebrows and pulls the eyebrows downward and wrinkles vertically

Corrugator Muscle

The muscle that surrounds the entire eye socket, which allows the eyelid to close and open.

Orbicularis Oculi Muscle

The muscle located at the bridge of the nose between the eyebrows. This muscle pulls the eyebrows down, causing wrinkling in that area.

Procerus Muscle

The muscles located at the outside of the corner of the mouth that pull the mouth up and back; creating a smile

Zygomaticus Major and Minor Muscles

The muscle that elevates the upper lip and flairs the nostrils.

Levator Labii Superioris Muscle

The muscle located at the corner of the mouth and pulls the mouth up and out, creating a grin.

Risorius Muscle

This muscle lies above the orbicularis oris and helps to lift the upper lips to produce a snarling expression

Levator Anguli Oris Muscle/Caninus Muscle

The muscle in the cheek that aids in closing the jaw during chewing.

Masseter Muscle

A thin, flat muscle located between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheek for blowing and chewing

Buccinator Muscle

A band of flat muscle encompassing the entire mouth. This muscle is used in blowing, puckering, or whistling.

Orbicularis Oris Muscle

A long muscle stretching from the corner of the mouth to the chin that will pull the mouth down, expressing sadness or despair.

Triangularis Muscle

The muscle located below the lower lip and lowers it down and/or to the side, showing an expression of sarcasm

Depressor Labii Inferioris Muscle

The muscle located at the tip of the chin, elevates the lower lip and wrinkles the chin.

Mentalis Muscle

The masseter and temporalis work with both the lateral and medial _____ muscles to chew

Pteryoid

A flat, triangular muscle that runs from the upper back to the back of the neck. This muscle moves the head back, rotates the shoulders and swings the arms.

Trapezius

A major muscle that stretches across the front of the upper chest, enabling arms to swing

Pectoralis

The system that controls the steady circulation of blood through the body. It includes the heart, blood vessels, lymph capillaries, and the blood itself.

Circulatory/Cardiovascular System

An iron supporting protein, containing hemoglobin, which is responsible for the red color of blood due to its attraction and delivery of oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues. Also known as erythrocytes red corpuscles.

Red blood cells

Large cells with no color, but play a necessary role in protecting the body against infection by attacking harmful microorganisms. Also known as white corpuscles or leukocytes.

White blood cells

Consists of approximately 90% water and is the yellowish fluid part of the blood that contains the red and white blood cells and platelets.

Plasma

The largest artery in the body

Aorta

The small arteries that carry blood to capillaries

Arterioles

Very tiny blood vessels that connect the arteries and the veins

Capillaries

Small vessels that connect the capillaries veins.

Venules

The left atrium and ventricle are separated by the _______

Mitral/Bicuspid valve

The right atrium and ventricle are separated by the ______

Tricuspid Valve

Consists of the pulmonary arteries and veins and sends the blood from the heart to the lungs for purification, then back to the heart

Pulmonary Circulation

The process of sending blood from the heart to circulate throughout the body then returning it back to the heart

General/Systemic circulation

Helps the blood flow to the nose, internal ear, eyes, eyelids, forehead, and brain

Internal Carotid Artery

Helps blood flow to the neck, face, ear, sides of head, and front parts of the scalp

External Carotid Artery

Delivers blood to the upper eyelids and forehead

Supraorbital Artery

Delivers blood to the eye muscles

Infraorbital Artery

Delivers blood to the scalp and muscles of the crown and back of head

Occipital Artery

Delivers blood to the skin and scalp area

Posterior Auricular Artery

Supplies blood to the front sides and top of the head

Superficial Temporal Artery

Delivers blood to the upper eyelids and forehead

Frontal artery

Delivers blood to the sides and crown of head

Parietal Artery

Delivers blood to the cheek muscles and skin

Transverse Facial Artery

Delivers blood to the temples

Middle Temporal Artery

Delivers blood to the front area of the ears

Anterior Auricular Artery

Delivers blood to the lower area of the face

Facial/External Maxillary Artery

Delivers blood to the chin and bottom lip

Submental Artery

Delivers blood to the bottom lip

Inferior Labial Artery

Delivers blood to the sides of the nose

Angular Artery

Delivers blood to the top lip and septum

Superior Labial Artery

The vein that extends into the face, head, and along the sides to the base of the neck

Internal Jugular Vein

The vein that stretches alongside of the neck, expanding into the head area

External Jugular Vein

The system that consists of the spinal cord, spinal nerves, brain, and cranial nerves

Central Nervous System

The system that consists of a group of nerves and nerve cells, connecting every part of the body to the central nervous system

Peripheral Nervous System

The system that regulates involuntary oft functions, such as those of the heart and intestines. This system can be divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic, which perform in opposition to control heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure.

Autonomic Nervous System

A nerve cell, or ____, is a basic working unit that transmits impulses to other areas of the body, such as muscles, glands, etc.

Neuron

The center of the nerve cell

Nucleus

Small fibers extending from the cell body that receive messages going into the nerve cell

Dendrites

A thread-like addition from the nerve cell body that sends impulses outward to other muscles or glands

Axon

Tree-like fibers that extend out from the end of an axon and nearly touch other nerve cells, muscles, or glands

Terminals/Synapses

_________ fibers branch from the nervous system, regulating the function of the suderiferous and sebaceous glands. These nerve fibers may be activated through stress, bodily activity, or environmental temperatures.

Secretory Nerve

The body’s automatic response to stimulus

Reflexes

The largest cranial nerve. It is the major facial sensory nerve and is responsible for the muscle movement for chewing (masseter muscle)

Fifth Cranial Nerve/Trifacial/Trigeminal Nerve

______ nerve area consists of the eye region or the top 1/3 of the face and head

Ophthalmic

______ nerve area consists of the upper jaw bone, nose, and cheek region or middle 1/3 of the face

Maxillary

______ nerve area consists of the lower jaw region or lower 1/3 of the face and head.

Mandibular

______ nerve expands into the skin of the scalp, forehead, eyebrows, and upper eyelids

Supraorbital

____ nerve expands into the skin of the upper sides of the nose and between the eyes

Supratrochlear

_____ nerve expands into the skin and membrane of the nose.

Infratrochlear

____ nerve expands into the skin of the tip and lower sides of the nose.

Nasal

_____ nerve expands into the muscles of the upper area of the cheek

Zygomatic

_____ nerve expands into the skin of the mouth, top lip, sides of the nose, and lower eyelids

Infraorbital

________ nerve expands into the skin of the temple into the top of the skull and ear region.

Auriculotemporal

_____ nerve expands into the skin of the bottom lip and chin area

Mental

_____ nerve involves the muscles of the temples, upper cheeks, eyelids, eyebrows, and forehead.

Temporal Nerve

____ nerve involves the muscles around the mouth

Buccal

______ nerve involves the muscles of the bottom lip and chin

Mandibular

______ nerves involve the platysma muscle and both sides of the neck

Cervical

________ nerve involves the upper part of the Occipitalis muscle located at the back of the head.

Greater Occipital

_____ nerve involves the lower part of the Occipitalis muscle located at the back of the head and ears.

Smaller Occipital

______ nerve involves the sides of the neck and bottom of the ears.

Greater Auricular

_______ nerve involves the sides and front of the neck and the sternum

Cervical Cutaneous

These glands are located throughout the body, but are numerous on the face, palms, and feet. They are activated by heat or bodily activity. They secrete sweat/perspiration.

Eccrine Glands

Glands located in the armpits and pubic area, and are activated by stress and/or puberty. Their glandular secretions are similar to sweat but a little thicker, creating a distinct body odor.

Apocrine Glands

The thin layer of sebum and sweat that provides the skin a barrier in helping to resist dirt and germs from entering the body. It is acidic in pH, ranging from 4.5-5.5. It protects and nourishes the skin, creating softness and pliability.

Acid Mantle

A major fibrous protein that maintains the skin’s firmness and form. It provides structural support by holding all other tissues together within the dermis. The fibers are weakened by moisture loss, excessive sun exposure, age, and weight fluctuation.

Collagen

______ tissues are yellowish, elastic protein fibers that are interwoven with collagen fibers to provide the skin’s overall stretch. This tissue assists the skin’s flexibility in regaining its shape after repeated stretching or “wear-and-tear” on the skin.

Elastin

Unstable molecules that cause wrinkling and sagging of the skin

Free Radicals

_______ rays penetrate deep into the dermis of the skin and are considered responsible for increased skin aging and wrinkling. These are “aging” rays that penetrate glass and exposure is year-round, even in the winter and on cloudy days.

Ultraviolet-A (UVA)

_____ rays are the strongest, penetrating into the epidermis. They are considered responsible for tanning or burning of the skin, depending on the length of exposure time and melanin production. These “burning” rays pose the risk of causing skin damage and/or possible skin cancer.

Ultraviolet-B (UVB)

An over-direction of the tiny blood vessels, which produce a flushing, swollen, and broken blood vessel appearance to the face.

Telangiectasias

An advanced condition of rosacea, producing papules and pustules that may contain pus. This skin disorder is sensitive, painful, and may be aggravated by certain foods, extreme temperature changes, nicotine and alcoholic beverages.

Acne Rosacea

________ means the product has been designed and proven not to clog the follicles.

Noncomedogenic

The most common type of non-contagious allergic reaction. It is caused by exposure to alkaline materials, such as soaps and chemicals. It’s characterized by itching, rash, inflammation, or blisters. In severe cases, it can burn and cause pain, leading to long term damage to the skin.

Irritant Contact Dermatitis

A chronic non-contagious skin disorder that appears as rough, dry, red patches covered with silvery-white scales or crusts and is caused by an over-production of the stratum corneum skin cells.

Psoriasis

Small, prominent, solid lumps enclosed within the epidermis that may extend into the dermis.

Tubercules

A solid bump larger than one centimeter that can be easily felt. They generally appear having an inflamed base, which may be painful.

Nodule

A closed, abnormally developed sac containing fluid, pus, and morbid matter. They can be located above and below the skin’s surface.

Cyst

An abnormal solid mass or lump varying in size, shape, and color. This refers to any abnormal mass that can consist of a liquid or semi-solid material of bacteria, white blood cells, and dead skin cells. They’re either located in the epidermis or penetrate into the dermis and may be benign or malignant.

Tumor

The flow of electrical current or change

Electricity

A “switch” that automatically shuts off the flow of electricity at the first signs of an overload.

Circuit Breaker

A device that switches AC (alternating current) to DC (direct current)

Converter

The flow of positive and negative electric currents from a generating source through a conductor and back to the generating source.

Complete Electric Current

A term used to promote electrical safety, which means the electrical current is safely carried away from you to the ground.

Grounding

The currents used during electrical facial and scalp treatments. The most common are Galvanic Current and Tesla High Frequency Current.

Modalities

Low level electrical currents that are similar to the electrical currents produced by the human body.

Microcurrents

Electrotherapy method where the guest holds the electrode while you manually touch the area and continue the treatment.

Indirect Method

The electrotherapy method where you place the electrode directly on the skin; your guest holds and/or touches nothing.

Direct Method

The electrotherapy method where only your guest holds the electrode and you start the electric current, but you do not touch your guest.

General Method

True or False? The use of Tesla High Frequency Current should not be used on any guest who has blocked sinuses, high blood pressure, epilepsy, is pregnant, or if their body contains anything metal, such as implants or a pacemaker.

True

(Galvanic Current Process) The positive pole that is controlled by the licensed professional.

Active Electrode

(Galvanic Current Process) The negative pole that is held by your guest.

Inactive Electrode

______ uses the positive pole to produce temporary effects on the area being treated

Cataphoresis

_______ uses the negative pole to produce temporary effects on the area being treated

Anaphoresis

______ uses the anaphoresis process on oily or acne prone skin. The alkaline solution, along with the electric current, will liquefy the sebum and dirt to aid in removal. This treatment provides a deep tissue cleansing by helping break up the dirt and hardened sebum located in the pores or hair follicles, which can create acne.

Desincrustation

The distance between each repeated light wave’s crest

Wavelength

The light therapy treatment that involves rapid light flashes to improve blood circulation, activate tissue healing, and reduce redness.

Light Emitting Diode (LED)

A color component located within the skin, such as blood or melanin; the colors that LED lights search for. When found, a reaction occurs like reducing bacteria or stimulating circulation.

Chromaphores

A type of light therapy that uses a variety of colors and broad spectrum wavelengths of focused light to achieve the desired result. It is used to treat conditions like spider veins, rosacea, redness, wrinkles, hypertrichosis, and hyperpigmentation. These treatments are only provided with qualified medical supervision.

Intense Pulse Light

A type of UVB Light Therapy that is an effective treatment for skin infections. It penetrates the skin and slows the growth of affected skin cells. Treatment involves regularly exposing the skin to an artificial UVB light source for a specific length of time.

Phototherapy

________ skin is characterized by the dilation of small blood vessels appearing at the surface of the skin. The small blood vessels or capillaries are weakened by expanding but not contracting back to normal size; therefore they appear more defined and easily seen through the skin.

Couperose

A colorless, sweet, oily substance that is added to moisturizers to provide added slip and moisturizing properties.

Glycerin

A triangular, large muscle, which covers the shoulder joint, allowing the arm to move outward and back into the body's side.

Deltoid

Muscles form the shape of the top and inner side of the upper arm. They raise the forearm and bend the elbow.

Bicep

A large, muscle that wraps around the entire back of the upper arm and assists in extending the forearm

Tricep

The muscle that moves toes and helps to maintain balance while standing and walking

Flexor Digitorum Brevis

Nails with a concave depression in the middle of the nail; nail plate edges turn up; caused by genetics, illness, or nerve disorders

Koilonychia/Spoon Nail

Nail slowly deteriorates, nail gets smaller and falls off; caused by internal disease or injury to matrix

Onychatrophia/Atrophy

Nail plate develops an abnormal thickening in width, not length; caused by genetics, injury, aging, or a systemic problem

Onychauxis/Hypertrophy

Complete shedding of the nail plate, starting with a groove at the base of the nail; caused by local infection, cancer treatments, or nail bed injury

Onychomadesis

Nail plate edges fold down into the nail walls at a 90 degree angle, either on one or both sides; caused by shoe pressure, nail bed deformity, genetics, or ingrown nail

Plicatured Nail/Folded Nail

Brown or black 'splinters' under the nail plate; caused by injury to the nail bed that causes damage to the capillaries

Splinter hemorrhage

Edges of nail plate fold inward as nail grows, sometimes curling in completely, giving nail a cone shape; caused by improper shoe fit, genetics, or nail bed deformity

Trumpet/Pincer Nail

A small, hard flesh-colored or red lump under or beside the nail; caused by infection in epidermal layer of skin, caused by a virus, and is infectious

Verruca/Wart

Terminology Flashcards

(933 cards)