Terminology

Question 1

Tetrads

Answer 1

a group of four synapsed chromatids that become visibly evident in prophase.

Question 2

Crossing over

Answer 2

the exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes (one from each parent) that occurs during the development of egg and sperm cells (meiosis)

Question 3

Independent Assortment

Answer 3

how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop

Question 4

Nondisjunction

Answer 4

the failure of the chromosomes to separate, which produces daughter cells with abnormal
numbers of chromosomes

Question 5

Haploid Chromosome Number

Answer 5

a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes

Question 6

Diploid Chromosome Number

Answer 6

A cell containing two copies of each chromosome

Question 7

Twisted Double Helix

Answer 7

a term used to describe the physical structure of DNA

Question 8

James Watson and Frances Crick

Answer 8

both had ideas that the double-stranded molecule could both produce exact copies of itself and carry genetic instructions.

Question 9

Sugar-phosphate backbone

Answer 9

forms the structural framework of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA

Question 10

Nucleotides that comprise DNA

Answer 10

the basic building block of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C)

Question 11

Nucleotide base-pairing in DNA

Answer 11

Two nitrogen-containing bases (or nucleotides) that pair together to form the structure of DNA

Question 12

Genotype

Answer 12

The letter combo that shows which alleles are present in an organism.

Question 13

Phenotype

Answer 13

The appearance of an expressed trait.

Question 14

Dominant

Answer 14

the relationship between two versions of a gene (effectively over-rule the other), for example
the allele for brown eyes is dominant

Question 15

Recessive

Answer 15

the relationship between an observed trait and the two inherited versions of a gene related to
that trait

Question 16

Allele

Answer 16

One of two or more DNA sequences occurring at a particular gene locus

Question 17

Homozygous

Answer 17

A genotype showing 2 identical alleles, AA or aa.

Question 18

Heterozygous

Answer 18

A genotype showing 2 different alleles, Aa

Question 19

Punnett Square

Answer 19

a table in which all of the possible outcomes for a genetic cross between two individuals with
known genotypes are given

Question 20

Pure-bred

Answer 20

an organism that always passes down certain phenotypic traits to its offspring of many
generations

Question 21

Hybrid

Answer 21

An individual formed by mating between unlike forms, usually genetically
differentiated populations or species

Question 22

Heredity

Answer 22

specific mechanisms by which characteristics or traits are passed from one generation to the
next via genes

Question 23

Probability

Answer 23

provides information about the likelihood that something will happen

Question 24

Gametes in plants

Answer 24

Female gametes are called ova and male gametes are called pollen grains. (plants) These are
the reproductive cells

Question 25

Gametes in animals

Answer 25

Female gametes are egg cells and male gametes are called sperm cells. (animals) These are the reproductive cells.

Question 26

Meiosis

Answer 26

A special form of cell division in which each daughter cell receives half the amount of DNA as the parent cell. Meiosis occurs during formation of egg and sperm cells in mammals.

Question 27

Mitosis

Answer 27

The process where a single parent cell divides to make two daughter cells. Each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes from the parent cell. (both plants and animals)

Question 28

Budding

Answer 28

an asexual reproduction method in which a new organism develops from a bud of an existing organism

Question 29

Tubers

Answer 29

specialized storage stem of certain seed plants

Question 30

Runners

Answer 30

a slender stem that grows horizontally along the ground, giving rise to roots and aerial (vertical) branches at specialized points called nodes

Question 31

Plantlets

Answer 31

A small or young plant.

Question 32

Cuttings

Answer 32

portion of a stem, root, or leaf cut from the parent plant for the production of a new independent plant by it forming shoots and roots under favorable environmental conditions

Question 33

Fragmentation

Answer 33

When an organism breaks down into several fragments or pieces.

Question 34

Regeneration

Answer 34

the natural process of replacing or restoring damaged or missing cells, tissues, organs, and even entire body parts to full function in plants and animals

Question 35

Binary Fission

Answer 35

a process by which a single cell splits into two cells to multiply

Question 36

Internal fertilization

Answer 36

sperm fertilizing the egg within the female

Question 37

External fertilization

Answer 37

the release of both sperm and eggs into an external environment