terminology

Question 1

What is Accommodation?

Answer 1

a term used to describe the changes people make to their speech — to emphasise or minimise the differences between them

Question 2

What are Adjacency Pairs?

Answer 2

a sequence of two connected utterances by different speakers one after the other:
question/answers
greetings
complaint/explanation

Question 3

what is an Anecdote?

Answer 3

brief story giving personal experience

Question 4

what is Back Channelling?

Answer 4

interaction features such as a minimal responses that demonstrate a participant is listening and paralinguistic features (laughter) that show affirmation, but which do not disrupt the speakers turn

Question 5

what is Code Switching?

Answer 5

changing the language style to fit the situation

Question 6

what is a Comment Clause?

Answer 6

a commonly occurring clause in speech which adds a remark to another clause

i mean…
i think…

Question 7

what is Competing For The Floor?

Answer 7

speakers challenging each other to take control of the situation

Question 8

what is a Contraction?

Answer 8

a shortened word — can’t, won’t, we’re

Question 9

what is Convergence?

Answer 9

a process in which two speakers adapt their language and pronunciation to reduce the difference between them

Question 10

what is Cooperative Principle (Grice)

Answer 10

working together to create a successful conversation

Question 11

what is Covert Prestige?

Answer 11

low prestige forms have higher status in specific social groups

Question 12

what is Deixis?

Answer 12

a term describing expressions that rely on the context for interpretation

1. person (who?)
2. spatial (where?)
3. temporal (when?)

over there
that high

Question 13

what is Dialect?

Answer 13

a particular form of a language which is particular to a specific region or social group

Question 14

What are Discourse Markers?

Answer 14

words or phrases that stand outside the clause and act as fillers, topic changers, hedges

Question 15

what is Divergence?

Answer 15

a process in which two speakers adapt their language and pronunciation to increase the difference between them

Question 16

what is Elision?

Answer 16

the omission of sounds in connected speech

Question 17

what is Ellipsis?

Answer 17

the omission of part of a sentence that can be understood by the context

Question 18

what is Emphatic Stress?

Answer 18

emphasis on important terms/ideas

Question 19

What is an Enclitic?

Answer 19

an unstressed morpheme which joins phonetically to the preceding word

Question 20

What is Face Threatening?

Answer 20

intentionally belittling others, being rude, putting hearers at a lower status

Question 21

What is a False Start?

Answer 21

an utterance that is started, left incomplete, then restarted with a different grammatical structure

Question 22

What is Feedback?

Answer 22

responding to a speech, showing understanding

Question 23

Filled Pause?

Answer 23

a voiced hesitation in spoken language

Question 24

Filler?

Answer 24

words, usually with no semantic value, which are inserted into speech either from habit or to give a participant thinking time

Question 25

Genderlect?

Answer 25

the different ways different genders speak

Question 26

Hedges?

Answer 26

The use of mitigating words or sounds to lessen the impact of an utterance

Question 27

Hyperbole?

Answer 27

use of exaggeration

Question 28

Hyper correction?

Answer 28

a process of overcompensation where speakers use non-standard forms in the belief that they are more formal or correct

Question 29

idiolect?

Answer 29

a term used to describe the characteristic speech of an individual

Question 30

inclusive?

Answer 30

a term used to describe a first person plural reference that includes the speaker as well as the addressee(s)

Question 31

interactive feature?

Answer 31

distinctive non-verbal utterances that affirm, show agreement, add reinforcement

Question 32

interjection?

Answer 32

a closed class group of words and phrases that communicate emotions in spontaneous responses which are not part of the grammatical structure of a clause

Question 33

interruption

Answer 33

the ending of one speakers turn by the intervention of another speaker

Question 34

intonation

Answer 34

the quality or tone of voice in speech, which can stay level, rise, or fall

Question 35

latch-on

Answer 35

a smooth link between different speakers in a spoken exchange

Question 36

liaison /r/

Answer 36

a process that changes the pronunciation of words at boundaries

Question 37

minimal responses

Answer 37

short replies to minimise interaction

Question 38

mixed mode

Answer 38

texts that include features of speech and writing

Question 39

monitoring features

Answer 39

expressions which allow a speaker to check that the hearer is still listening

Question 40

normal non-fluency features

Answer 40

commonly occurring features of spoken language such as hesitations and false starts which break up the flow of speech

Question 41

non-lexical expressions

Answer 41

speech feature that means something but isnt a word

Question 42

openers & closings

Answer 42

how the conversation is started and ended

Question 43

overlapping

Answer 43

speakers talking together

Question 44

overt prestige

Answer 44

standard forms have more prestige

Question 45

phatic talk

Answer 45

small talk

Question 46

pedogogy

Answer 46

theory of learning/teaching

Question 47

phonetics

Answer 47

the study of spoken sounds and the way in which they are produced

Question 48

phonology

Answer 48

the study of sounds in a particular language and the ways in which they are combined to create meaning

Question 49

pragmatics

Answer 49

the study of how contextual factors influence a speaker’s or writer’s language choices

Question 50

proclitic

Answer 50

an unstressed morpheme which joins phonetically to the following word

Question 51

prolect

Answer 51

language specific to a profession

Question 52

prosodic features

Answer 52

the use of pitch, volume, pace, and rhythm to draw attention to key features of spoken language

Question 53

rallentando. rall.

Answer 53

a term used to describe speech that is getting slower

Question 54

register

Answer 54

a style of language used in a particular context defined in terms of mode, tenor, field

Question 55

self correction

Answer 55

a speakers repair to an utterance

Question 56

slang

Answer 56

distinctive, and often short-lived, words and phrases used by clearly defined social or age groups associated with informal speech

Question 57

sociolect

Answer 57

language from a specific social group

Question 58

spontaneity

Answer 58

distinctive features of spoken language that mark it as spontaneous and unscripted

Question 59

taboo language

Answer 59

swearing or dyphemism

Question 60

tag question

Answer 60

interrogative attached to a statement — encourage response

Question 61

tenor

Answer 61

the relationship between participants in an interaction

Question 62

terms of address

Answer 62

words or phrases used to refer to people in place of their name

Question 63

topic shifts

Answer 63

changing the topic in conversation

Question 64

transcience

Answer 64

the nature of speech that makes it impermanent

Question 65

turn-taking

Answer 65

the organisation of participants in a spoken interaction, where the turns may be equal or where one speaker may be dominant

Question 66

utterance

Answer 66

a grammatical structure made up of one or more clauses

Question 67

unintentional repetition

Answer 67

accidental repetition of a monosyllabic word in spoken language

Question 68

vague language

Answer 68

lexical items such as ‘thingy’, ‘whatsit’ that is not a clear label but understandable in the context of

Question 69

vocative

Answer 69

the term of address used to refer directly to a person in speech

Question 70

junctions

Answer 70

interrogative imperative exclamative declarative

Question 71

syntax

Answer 71

word order in a sentence