terminology

Question 1

Accent

Answer 1

Sounds that are distinctive to a regional or social use of language.

Question 2

Dialect

Answer 2

Features of language distinct to a region or geographical area.

Question 3

Vernacular

Answer 3

An everyday form of language.

Question 4

Sociolect

Answer 4

Features of language distinct to a particular group of society.

Question 5

Idiolect

Answer 5

Features that make up a personal language profile/individual style of speaking.

Question 6

Register

Answer 6

The formality of a piece of writing.

Question 7

Colloquialisms

Answer 7

A word or phrase that is not formal or literary and is used in ordinary or familiar conversation.

Question 8

Agenda

Answer 8

The topic of conversation - the purpose.

Question 9

Bias

Answer 9

A preference for a particular point of view.

Question 10

Address

Answer 10

How people refer to or ‘address’ each other. (Examples include ‘mum’/‘madam’/‘mother’.)

Question 11

Vocative

Answer 11

Names, titles, terms of address – used in the initial position such as ‘Mum, can I …?’

Question 12

Adjacency pairs

Answer 12

Exchanges between different speakers that are connected and that have expected responses (a question, for example, expects an answer)

Question 13

Simultaneous speech

Answer 13

Occurs when two people say the same thing at the same time, usually in the form of overlap.

Question 14

Phatic talk

Answer 14

Formulaic utterances with stock responses used to establish or maintain personal relationships: ‘How are you?’…‘Fine

Question 15

Discourse markers

Answer 15

Words and phrases that signal the relationship and connections between utterances. Examples include: ‘first’

Question 16

Deixis/deictics

Answer 16

Devices which make sure that a listener knows what, where and to whom an utterance refers. Examples include: ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘there’.

Question 17

Anaphoric Reference

Answer 17

Making a reference back to something previously identified (using pronouns).

Question 18

Monitoring talk

Answer 18

Words or phrases used to check or comment on what is being said. Examples include: ‘do you see what I mean?’ ‘I think we’ve been here before.’

Question 19

Tag questions

Answer 19

Familiar questions, sometimes rhetorical, that turn a declarative into a question. Examples include: ‘Don’t you …?’ ‘Isn’t it …?’

Question 20

Imperatives

Answer 20

Commanding in a forceful, confident way.

Question 21

Monosyllabic language

Answer 21

Single syllables words strung together in sentences.

Question 22

Declarative

Answer 22

Declarative sentences are used to convey information or to make statements.

Question 23

Interrogatives

Answer 23

Questions

Question 24

Intensifier

Answer 24

An adverb used to give force or emphasis

Question 25

Neologisms

Answer 25

The term for a new word or expression.

Question 26

Satire

Answer 26

The use of irony, sarcasm, ridicule, or the like, in exposing, denouncing, or deriding vice, folly, etc.

Question 27

False start

Answer 27

When a speaker begins an utterance, then either repeats or reformulates it.

Question 28

Backtracking

Answer 28

Interruption of the sequence of an utterance to include information that should have been included earlier.

Question 29

Repair

Answer 29

The process by which a speaker recognizes a speech error and repeats what has been said with some sort of correction.

Question 30

Cooperative signals

Answer 30

Words, phrases and non-verbal utterances used by a listener (e.g. ‘I see’, ‘oh’, ‘uh huh’, ‘really’) which indicate they agree or want to hear more.

Question 31

Filler

Answer 31

Used to gain thinking time (sometimes called ‘voiced pause’). Examples include: ‘er’

Question 32

Hedges

Answer 32

Vague words or phrases that are used to soften the force of how something is said. Examples include: ‘perhaps’

Question 33

Vague language

Answer 33

Statements that sound imprecise and unassertive e.g. ‘and so on’

Question 34

Verbose language

Answer 34

Using more words than are needed.

Question 35

Semantics

Answer 35

The meaning of words, both denotational and connotational.

Question 36

Pragmatics

Answer 36

The meaning of a word when it interacts with context.

Question 37

Semantic change

Answer 37

The process of words changing their meaning through time and context – amelioration (negative word becomes positive) and pejoration (more common

Question 38

Lexis

Answer 38

The words that are arranged using grammar and syntax.

Question 39

Discourse

Answer 39

The way texts are constructed beyond the sentence eg. narrative/ rhetorical structure.

Question 40

Interdiscursivity

Answer 40

Use of discourses from one field in another eg. science in beauty products.

Question 41

Graphology

Answer 41

Visual aspects of text design that can create meaning and reflect context. This includes: typographical (fonts, size, colour), orthographical (spelling, punctuation, capitalisation), and multimodal elements (interplay of visual, written auditory).

Question 42

Active Voice Passive Voice

Answer 42

A clause where the agent (doer) is the subject - The man kicked the dog A clause where the object is made the subject and verbs change form – The dog was kicked

Question 43

Foregrounding

Answer 43

The extent to which an author seeks attention through breaking or ‘deviating’ from established patterns. External deviation is the breaking of normal language conventions (nonsense, neologisms, ungrammatical constructions) and internal deviation how an author breaks the conventions they themselves have established in their work.

Question 44

Alliteration

Answer 44

Repetition of consonant sound only at the start of words in a phrase.

Question 45

Consonance

Answer 45

Repetition of identical consonant sounds anywhere in phrases.

Question 46

Assonance

Answer 46

Repetition of identical vowel sounds anywhere in phrases.

Question 47

Euphony

Answer 47

Use of pleasing, mellifluous sounds (e.g., long vowels).

Question 48

Cacophony

Answer 48

Use of harsh/contrasting sounds which sound unpleasant.

Question 49

Onomatopoeia

Answer 49

Sounds that mirror meaning/action.

Question 50

Paronomasia

Answer 50

A play on words which uses similar sounds between words for effect.

Question 51

Variations in pitch, intonation, volume, and speed

Answer 51

Variations depending on the situation.

Question 52

Syncope

Answer 52

Omission of letter/ syllable in the middle of a word.

Question 53

Ellipsis

Answer 53

Omission of words from a sentence to create a casual tone – “you okay?

Question 54

Parenthesis

Answer 54

Exclusion of words using brackets (), dashes -, or commas.

Question 55

Asyndeton

Answer 55

Replacing conjunctions/ articles/ pronouns for the sake of speed and style with punctuation.

Question 56

Contraction

Answer 56

Use of apostrophes in word eg. “can’t” to lower formality

Question 57

Elision

Answer 57

The informal omission or slurring (eliding) of sounds/ syllables – e.g. “gonna”.