terminology

Question 1

phonetics, phonology and prosodics

Answer 1

aspects of a spoken language- pitch, annotation, and volume etc.

Question 2

lexis and sematics

Answer 2

how different associations of terms of address and characters lexical choices can present their identities.

Question 3

grammar

Answer 3

how sentence types express characters attitudes and feelings. how lies are structured.

Question 4

pragmatics

Answer 4

how assumptions and inferences can be made by characters and audiences through the writers language choices.

Question 5

discourse

Answer 5

how the playwrights use the conventions of the dramatic genre to structure their play and use typical features of naturally occurring speech to represent characters intentions.

Question 6

iambic pentameter

Answer 6

10 syllables. an iamb is a pair of syllables in which the second syllable is stressed.

Question 7

dramatic conventions

Answer 7

• plays= dramatic genre and as such playwrights follow or adapt certain conventions to suit.
• this could be in the structure or organisation of the play into acts and scenes or in using a sub-genre such as tragedy.
• some decisions may be based on the playwrights context (the time they are writing) or because they have a particular statement to make.

Question 8

structuring plays

Answer 8

the Roman poet Horace believed there should be 5 acts which Shakespeare adopts.
German playwright Gustav Freytag suggested plays adhere to the following narrative structure:
- exposition= introduce characters, setting, and a piece of action (before the complication)
- complication= a problem or dilemma rising (getting Cassio drunk and fired)
- climax= an actual crisis or change of fortune for the main character (Desdemona’s death)
- resolution= the outcome of the decision made to resolve the crisis (everything after the climax)
- denouement= the consequence- tying up the action (Lodovica showing the bed of dead people, Iago exposed, Cassio given power)

Question 9

monologues

Answer 9

a natural speech function (transcripts) and a dramatic device used by Shakespeare.

Question 10

soliloquy

Answer 10

a solo speech convention used by Shakespeare. the speaker is only addressing the audience and these speeches are used to reveal inner feelings and future actions.

Question 11

aside

Answer 11

• no heard by other characters on the stage (just the audience) and provide a private insight to the audience and allow the character to share thoughts with them but not the other characters.
• popular with Shakespeare. are signalled in stage directions.

Question 12

maxim of quantity (Grice)

Answer 12

when a character is saying more or less than they should (how much is said)

Question 13

maxim of quality (Grice)

Answer 13

when a character is lying or not being truthful (the truth of what is said)

Question 14

maxim of relevance (Grice)

Answer 14

when a character is not responding how the other character would like (the appropriateness of what is said to the topic)

Question 15

maxim of manner (Grice)

Answer 15

when a character is showing more emotion than the other (the way it is said)

Question 16

declaratives

Answer 16

often assertions or statements.

Question 17

imperatives

Answer 17

commands.

Question 18

interrogatives

Answer 18

questions or requests.

Question 19

exclamatives

Answer 19

!

Question 20

locutionary act

Answer 20

the utterance itself.

Question 21

illocutionary act

Answer 21

the significance and pragmatic force of the utterance.

Question 22

perlocutionary act

Answer 22

the effect of the utterance on the hearer.

Question 23

directives (John Searle)

Answer 23

speech acts that trigger the hearer to take a particular action.

Question 24

commissives (John Searle)

Answer 24

speech acts that pledge the hearer to future actions (promises).

Question 25

declarations (John Searle)

Answer 25

speech acts that make a pronouncement that change the reality of the situation.

Question 26

assertives (John Searle)

Answer 26

speech acts that commit the speaker to the truth of what they're saying.

Question 27

expressives (John Searle)

Answer 27

speech acts that express the speakers feeling and attitudes.

Question 28

modes of addressing

Answer 28

the names characters call each other by.

Question 29

agenda setting

Answer 29

which character directs the conversation.

Question 30

turn taking

Answer 30

- which character has the most turns, longest turns - interruptions, overlaps

Question 31

non-fluency

Answer 31

pauses, false starts, repairs

Question 32

politeness principles

Answer 32

positive or negative

Question 33

adjacency pairs

Answer 33

are expected patterns followed or broken (eg. greeting/greeting, question/answer, apology/acceptance).

Question 34

parallelism

Answer 34

a conversation using similar words, clauses, phrases, sentence structure, or other grammatical elements to emphasise similar ideas in a sentence.

Question 35

social deixis

Answer 35

- terms of address. - explore characters roles, identities, and relationships. - 'thou' and 'thee' ->indicates familiarity and a solidarity between speakers. - 'you' ->connotes social distance. - unequal encounters -> 'sir' could be used an an 'honorific' (a title that signifies social diference).