terminology

Question 1

denotation

Answer 1

literal meanings (of words). (eg. summer- season)

Question 2

connotations

Answer 2

associated meanings (of words). (eg. summer- sun, beach)

Question 3

antonym

Answer 3

words with opposite meanings.

Question 4

synonym

Answer 4

words with the same meanings

Question 5

literal language

Answer 5

language which uses the actual meanings of words.

Question 6

semantic field

Answer 6

aa group of words which have similar connotations, or which are part of the same theme.

Question 7

figurative language

Answer 7

language that is used in a non-literal way to create images and form comparisons.

Question 8

simile

Answer 8

a direct comparison through the use of ‘like’ or ‘as’.

Question 9

metaphor

Answer 9

a structure that presents one thing in terms of another.

Question 10

zoomorphism

Answer 10

giving animal qualities, characteristics, or behaviour to a human.

Question 11

anthropomorphism

Answer 11

giving human qualities, characteristics, or behaviour to an animal or object.

Question 12

colocation

Answer 12

routinely placing words or phrases together (it sounds natural to a native speaker). (eg. a hard frost, home and dry)

Question 13

cliche

Answer 13

a saying or remark that has been used so much is not original or interesting.

Question 14

idiom

Answer 14

an expression where the meaning is not predictable from the usual meanings of its constituent elements. (eg. over the moon, i’m all ears)

Question 15

euphemism

Answer 15

using a more socially acceptable word or phrase.

Question 16

dysphemism

Answer 16

using a blunt or direct word instead of a more polite or indirect alternative.

Question 17

hyperbole

Answer 17

exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.

Question 18

rhetorical language/ rhetoric

Answer 18

language that is used to persuade.

Question 19

ethos

Answer 19

one of 3 Aristotelian modes of persuasion- it appeals to an audiences sense of logic or reasoning. (referencing their: experience, moral character, clear reasoning, good intentions)

Question 20

logos

Answer 20

one of 3 Aristotelian modes of persuasion- it appeals to the audience’s emotions. (data, facts, statistics, surveys)

Question 21

pathos

Answer 21

one of 3 Aristotelian modes of persuasion- it appeals to the audience based on the speaker’s authority. (personal story, powerful image)

Question 22

verbal irony

Answer 22

conveying a meaning which is the opposite of the literal meaning. (eg. ‘isn’t it lovely today’ when it’s raining)

Question 23

anaphora

Answer 23

the deliberate repetition of the first part of a clause/ sentence.

Question 24

epistrophe

Answer 24

the deliberate repetition of the last part of a clause/ sentence.

Question 25

symploce

Answer 25

the deliberate repetition of both the first and last part of a clause/ sentence.

Question 26

epizeuxis

Answer 26

repetition of a single word, with no other words in between.

Question 27

count noun

Answer 27

a noun that can be preceded by a number and counted.

Question 28

mass noun

Answer 28

a noun that cannot be counted and doesn't have a plural.

Question 29

proper noun

Answer 29

the lexis which refers to names of people, places, or organisations.

Question 30

abstract noun

Answer 30

the lexis which refers to states, feelings, and concepts that do not have a physical existence.

Question 31

concrete noun

Answer 31

the lexis which refers to things with a physical existence.

Question 32

collective noun

Answer 32

the lexis which refers to groups of things, especially animals.

Question 33

hypernym

Answer 33

an overarching (category) noun which encompasses many other nouns.

Question 34

hyponym

Answer 34

a noun with a narrower meaning which is part of a hypernym. (category member)

Question 35

metonym

Answer 35

using a word or phrase which is part of something, to describe the whole thing.

Question 36

verbal verbs

Answer 36

the lexis which is linked to the process of making sounds.

Question 37

material verbs

Answer 37

the lexis which refers to physical action.

Question 38

mental verbs

Answer 38

the lexis which shows internal processes.

Question 39

relational verbs

Answer 39

the lexis which describes state of being.

Question 40

dynamic verbs

Answer 40

the lexis which describes actions we can take, or things that happen; hey have a continuous form.

Question 41

stative verbs

Answer 41

the lexis which describes states/ conditions unlikely to change (possession, feeling, perception, mental process, identity); typically do not have a continuous form.

Question 42

homodiegetic narratives

Answer 42

- Offred - a first person narrative where the narrator is also a character.

Question 43

modal shading

Answer 43

- modality= the term used to describe language that presents degrees of attitudes or commitment. it can be: - deontic= expressions that highlight a sense of obligation or necessity. (must, necessary) - boulomaic= expressions that highlight aspects of desire. (hope, wish) - epistemic= expressions that highlights degrees of belief, certainty, or perception. (might, think, guess, clear) - positive= the prominent use of deontic and boulomaic forms and/or epistemic forms that show strong certainty together with evaluative adjectives and adverbs. - negative= the prominent use of epistemic forms that display uncertainty and a general feeling of anxiety. - neutral= a flat narrative with little or no moralised expressions.