Terminology Flashcards
(235 cards)
1
Q
What are access modifiers in Java?
A
Keywords that control access to classes, methods, and variables.
- public
- private
- protected
2
Q
What is an accessor?
A
A getter method that returns the value of a private variable.
2
Q
What is Android?
A
An operating system for smartphones developed by Google.
2
Q
What does the public modifier do in Java?
A
Makes a class/variable accessible from any other class.
2
Q
What does the private modifier do in Java?
A
Restricts access to the same class only.
2
Q
What does the protected modifier do in Java?
A
Allows access from the same package or subclasses.
3
Q
What is antivirus software?
A
Utility software that protects against malware.
eg. Norton, McAfee, Bitdefender.
4
Q
What is attenuation?
A
Signal loss during transmission over distance.
5
Q
What is an application?
A
Software designed for the end-user to complete tasks.
eg. Word processor, browser, game.
6
Q
What is asymmetric encryption?
A
Encryption using one key to encrypt and a different key to decrypt.
eg. RSA (used in email encryption and HTTPS websites).
6
Q
What cable is affected by attenuation over 100m?
A
Copper cables (e.g., Ethernet).
7
Q
What is an archive file?
A
A bundled collection of files for backup, storage, or transfer.
8
Q
Give examples of archive formats.
A
.zip, .tar, .rar
9
Q
What is biometrics used for in IT?
A
Security authentication using physical traits.
eg. Fingerprint scanner, facial recognition.
10
Q
What is Bluetooth used for?
A
Syncing devices like phones and headsets.
11
Q
What is Bluetooth?
A
Wireless PAN tech using short-range radio waves.
12
Q
What is broadband?
A
High-capacity data transmission using wide frequency range.
eg. Home internet connection with fast download speeds.
13
Q
What is a web browser?
A
App that displays HTML and lets users navigate the web.
eg. Chrome, Firefox, Safari.
14
Q
What is a bus in computer hardware?
A
Set of physical connections shared for communication between components.
eg. Data bus, Address bus, Control bus
14
Q
What is a buffer in computing?
Why is it used?
A
Temporary RAM storage for data in transit between devices.
It is used to handle speed differences between devices/processes.
15
Q
What is a Bluray drive?
A
Optical drive that reads Bluray discs with high capacity.
15
Q
How does a Bluray laser differ from DVD?
A
Uses blue-violet laser (shorter wavelength than DVD’s red laser).
16
Q
What does BIOS stand for?
A
Basic Input/Output System.
17
Q
What does the BIOS do?
A
Controls basic hardware and starts the system.
18
What is POST in BIOS?
Power-On Self Test – checks hardware on startup.
18
Why is higher bandwidth better?
Allows more data to be transmitted at once.
19
What is bandwidth?
The range of frequencies available to transmit data.
20
What is a bridge in networking?
Device connecting two LANs using the same protocol.
21
What is a backup?
List types of backups.
A saved copy of data for recovery if the original is lost.
- Full backup
- incremental backup
- cloud backup
22
What does a bridge do with traffic?
Decides if data stays in local LAN or goes to another LAN.
22
What is L1 cache?
Small, very fast cache inside CPU chip (SRAM).
23
What is a cache?
What is the purpose of caching?
- Fast memory storing data to speed up future requests.
- Speeds up tasks, keeps computer cost low.
24
What is L2 cache?
Larger cache near CPU, either on CPU chip or motherboard.
25
What is L3 cache?
Extra cache on motherboard between CPU and RAM.
26
List 4 types of cache.
- Memory cache
- Disk cache
- Web cache
- Proxy cache
27
What is memory cache?
Cache located within main memory.
28
What is disk cache?
RAM portion speeding up disk access; can be inside disk or general RAM.
29
What is a web cache?
Saves recently viewed web pages on user's own computer.
30
What is a proxy cache?
Saves recently viewed pages on network server for all users.
31
Difference between buffer and cache?
- Cache: stores data for future requests (faster access).
- Buffer: temporarily holds data while moving from input to output.
32
What is a class?
Template defining methods and variables for objects.
33
What is an object?
A specific instance of a class
34
Define a computer.
Electronic device processing data using instructions to produce info.
34
What is cloud computing?
Internet-based delivery of servers, storage, and apps.
- relies on sharing computing resources rather than having local servers or personal devices to handle applications
35
What is a compiler?
Converts source code into machine code CPU can run.
35
What is CMOS?
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
- Holds system time and setup data with battery power.
36
Opposite of compilation?
Interpretation (running code directly without compiling).
37
What is CD RW?
CD-ReWritable disk,
- a type of CD disk that enables you to write onto it in multiple sessions
38
What is CSMA/CD?
- Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection
The transmission method used in Ethernet networks.
- Ethernet method to avoid data collisions on network.
It waits if busy, detects collisions, retries after random wait.
39
Name CPU’s main parts.
ALU (arithmetic logic unit)
- performs basic arithmetic and logical operations
CU (control unit)
- extracts instructions from memory
- decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary
FPU (Floating Point Unit)
- performs advanced real number calculations.
Register
- a special, high-speed storage area within the CPU
40
What is computer management?
Utility that allows the user to access system tools in the computer.
- device manager
- local users
- removable storage
40
What does 32-bit CPU mean?
- the number of registers that a CPU has and the size of each (number of bits) help determine the power and speed of a CPU
eg, a 32-bit CPU is one in which each register is 32 bits wide. Therefore, each CPU instruction can manipulate 32 bits of data.
41
What is file compression?
What is decompression?
Compression
- Reducing file size for storage or bandwidth.
Decompression
- Restoring compressed files to original size.
41
What is communication media?
- the means of delivering and receiving data or information
- Channels/tools for transmitting or storing data.
42
Advantages/Disadvantages of STP Cable
Shielded Twisted pair
Advantages:
- Easy installation
- reasonable cost
- resistance to interference
- better electrical characteristics than UTP
- better data security
- easily terminated with modular connector
Disadvantages:
- May become obsolete due to technical advances
- can be tapped == possible security breaching
42
Advantages/Disadvantages of UTP Cable
Unshielded twisted pair
Advantages
- Inexpensive (cheap)
- simple to install.
Disadvantages:
- Subject to interference
- limited bandwidth == slower transmissions.
- vulnerable to security breaches
- may become obsolete quickly because of new technologies
43
Advantages/Disadvantages of BNC Cable (coaxial)
BNC = Coaxial cable like TV cable
Advantages:
- easy to install
- better electrical characteristics - eg. lower attenuation
- eg, great bandwidth than shielded or unshielded cables
- highly resistant to interference
- good security
- easy to connect
44
Advantages/Disadvantages of Fiber Optic cable
Advantages:
- Top performance
- excellent bandwidth
- very long life span
- excellent security
- allows for very high rates of data transmission
- causes no interference and is not subject to EMI (electromagnetic interference)
- smaller and lighter than other cable types
Disadvantages:
- Slightly higher installed cost than twisted-pair cables.
45
What is client-server architecture?
List examples of servers.
Network where servers provide resources; clients use them.
eg. File servers, print servers, network servers.
46
What is a hardware controller?
electronic components and controlling circuitry managing hardware devices per OS commands.
47
What is data?
- Raw information, unprocessed.
- Basis for creating information.
48
What is a data structure?
- Format for organizing & storing data efficiently.
- eg: arrays, linked lists, trees.
49
What is DDR?
Double Data Rate SDRAM (also called SDRAM II or DDRAM).
- a type of SDRAM
- Transfers data on both clock edges (rising & falling).
- Doubles memory data chips throughput vs normal SDRAM.
- Uses less power (good for laptops).
50
What is defrag?
Defragmentation
- Process to reorganize fragmented files on hard drive.
- Combines file fragments into contiguous blocks.
- Improves data retrieval speed & system performance.
51
What is the desktop GUI?
- Visual workspace in graphical OS.
- Icons represent files, folders, apps.
- Allows drag/drop, arranging, deleting files visually.
52
What is the Device Driver?
- Software that lets OS communicate with hardware.
- Needed for each device (printer, keyboard, disk).
- Controls device operations.
53
What is Digital signature?
- Electronic signature to authenticate sender or signer.
- Ensures message/document integrity (no changes).
- Hard to forge, often timestamped.
53
What is DMA?
Direct Memory Access
- Hardware controller lets devices access memory without CPU.
- Frees CPU for other tasks.
- Improves system performance.
54
What is DNS?
Domain Name System
- Translates domain names (like google.com) to IP addresses.
- Distributed network of DNS servers query each other if needed.
55
What is DRAM?
Dynamic RAM
- Volatile memory requiring constant refreshing.
- Found in main RAM slots.
- Cheaper but slower than SRAM.
56
What is a Dual Core CPU?
- Processor with 2 cores in one chip
- Allows true multiprocessing.
- Boosts performance on multitasking.
56
What is DVD RW?
- Rewritable DVD optical disc.
- Can be erased and rewritten multiple times.
57
What is Data Integrity?
- Completeness, accuracy, and consistency of data.
- Can be compromised by errors, corruption, hacking.
58
What are Databases ?
- Organized collection of data stored for easy access.
- eg. customer info, inventory.
59
What is DBMS?
Database Management System
- Software to store, modify, and retrieve database data.
- eg. MS SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL.
60
What is DDBMS?
Distributed Database Management System
- Manages databases distributed across a network.
- Multiple interconnected databases appear as one system.
61
What is a Centralised Database?
- Database stored in a single physical location.
- Users access remotely, e.g., bank systems.
62
What are Data types?
- a data type is a classification identifying one of various types of data
- eg. integer, real/float, string, boolean.
63
What is the Digital Divide?
- Gap between those with and without access to ICT (Internet, devices).
- includes difference in skills and knowledge.
64
What is DoS?
Denial of Service
- Attack aiming to make a system/network unavailable.
- Floods system with requests to overload it.
65
What is DDoS?
Distributed Denial of Service
- DoS attack using many compromised systems (botnet).
- Harder to block due to multiple sources.
65
What is Data Warehousing?
- Large central database for reporting & analysis.
- Combines data from many sources.
65
What is data redundancy?
- Duplicate data in multiple records
- Happens after flattening tables or solving repeating groups
- eg. Same PersonID with different sports listed
66
What is Data mining?
- Extracting patterns and useful info from large databases.
- Used for trends, correlations, predictions.
67
What are data dependencies?
- When one program statement relies on data from a previous statement
- Affects the order of execution
68
What does device management involve in an operating system?
- Controls and hides hardware interactions from users
- Manages device drivers
- Minimizes time for slow input/output transfers
69
What is eavesdropping in IT?
Signals traveling along copper cables or wirelessly can be intercepted by outsiders (by accident or intentionally)
70
What is an embedded operating system?
- Specialized OS built into appliances or machines
- Runs on single microprocessor boards with programs stored in ROM
- eg. microwaves, watches, cars
71
What is EMI?
Electromagnetic interference
- Disruption caused by electromagnetic fields of nearby devices
- Leads to signal degradation or errors
72
What is emulation?
- When one system imitates or reproduces another system.
- can be done using hardware, software, or a combination of the two.
eg. Running old consoles on PCs
73
What is encapsulation in programming?
- Combining data and methods into one unit (e.g., class or method)
- Supports abstraction and information hiding
74
What is encryption?
- Transforming data into secret code (cipher text)
- Requires a key/password to decrypt back to plain text
Types: symmetric (same key), asymmetric (public/private keys)
75
: What is ergonomics?
- Science of designing safe, comfortable machines and furniture
- In IT, focuses on keyboards, monitors to reduce strain
76
What is Ethernet?
- a LAN architecture using bus or star topology
- Supports data transfer rates of 10 Mbps or higher
77
What are expansion cards?
- Circuit boards added to motherboard for extra features
- Plug into expansion slots
- eg. graphics cards, sound cards, network cards
78
What is FAT?
File Allocation Table
- Table used by OS to track file fragments on disk
- Helps locate scattered file parts due to fragmentation
79
What is a fat client?
Networked PC with many LOCAL programs/resources, and minimal reliance on NETWORK resources
80
What is a file server?
- Computer on a network dedicated to storing and sharing files
- Central location for shared disk access
81
What is a firewall?
- Security system controlling network traffic
- Blocks unauthorized access to/from private networks
- Can be hardware, software, or both
82
What is FireWire?
- High-speed interface for peripheral devices
- Used for external drives, video cameras, audio interfaces
83
What is firmware?
- Software stored in non-volatile memory (ROM)
- Combination of code + persistent memory
- Example devices: remote controls, traffic lights
- Mix of software and hardware
84
What is flash memory?
Type of EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable ROM)
Erased and reprogrammed in blocks (not byte-by-byte)
BIOS often stored on flash chips for easy updates
85
What is a fibre optic backbone?
Main high-speed data routes for Internet/WAN
Connects local/regional networks over long distances
Connection points called network nodes or DSEs
86
What is FTP?
File Transfer Protocol
Standard method to transfer files over the Internet
87
What is a foreign key in databases?
Field in one table referencing a primary key in another
Creates a link (cross-reference) between tables
88
What does GB mean?
gigabyte
a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. 1 gigabyte is 1024 * 1024 * 1024 bytes.
89
What is a gateway in networking?
Network point acting as entrance to another network
Can join networks using different protocols
Inspects and routes network packets
90
What is GHz?
gigahertz
One GHz represents 1 billion cycles per second
91
What is GSM?
Global System for Mobile communications
International standard for cellular networks
Supports voice and data communication
91
What is green computing?
Environmentally sustainable IT practices
Efficient design, manufacture, use, disposal of IT equipment
Minimizes environmental impact
92
What is GPS?
Global Positioning System
Satellite-based navigation for location/time anywhere on Earth
Works in all weather conditions
93
What is hardware?
Physical computer components you can touch
eg. disks, monitors, keyboards, chips
94
What is HDMI?
High-Definition Multimedia Interface
Single cable for uncompressed digital audio/video
95
What is a heatsink?
Component that dissipates heat from electronic devices
Keeps CPUs and electronics cool
96
What is a hotspot?
Location offering wireless Internet access via Wi-Fi
Uses routers or wireless access points connected to ISP
97
What does hot-pluggable / hot-swappable mean?
Ability to add/remove hardware without shutting down
eg. USB devices can be hot-swapped
98
What is hyperthreading?
Intel tech allowing CPU to run multiple threads in parallel
Uses two sets of registers per core for multitasking
99
What are hard drives?
Main secondary storage device (HDD)
Reads/writes data on magnetic platters
Interfaces: IDE/PATA, SATA, SCSI
Access time = seek time + latency
100
What is housekeeping in computing?
Hard drive optimization and system cleanup
Remove unused files, backup data, run disk utilities
Helps maintain performance
101
What is an interpreter?
Program that executes source code line-by-line
Slower than compiled code but easier to debug and test
102
What is an IP address?
Numeric code identifying a device on the Internet
Format: four numbers separated by dots (IPv4)
Types: static (fixed) or dynamic (changes at each connection)
103
What is ICH (I/O Controller Hub)?
Connects to Northbridge or CPU
Controls I/O and on-board devices
Manages communication between CPU and peripherals
104
What is ICT?
Information Communication Technology
Technologies providing access to info via telecommunications
Includes Internet, wireless networks, cell phones
Focus on communication, unlike general IT
105
What does installing software mean?
Making downloaded/new software executable on a device
Sets up software to run properly
106
What is an interrupt in computing?
Signal causing the CPU/OS to pause and decide next action
Hardware interrupt: linked to specific device via IRQ (interrupt request)
Software interrupt: triggered by programs requesting OS services
107
What does uninstalling software mean?
Removing software and its files from a device
Software becomes un-executable and redundant
108
What is the Internet?
Global network connecting millions of computers worldwide
109
What is an intranet?
Private TCP/IP network within an organization
Accessible only by authorized users (employees, members)
Used for internal websites and communication
110
What is TCP?
Transmission Control Protocol
- enables application programs and computing devices to exchange messages over a network
111
What are license agreements?
Contract (EULA) between software licensor and user
Defines legal usage rights and restrictions
111
What is identity theft?
- Crime where someone impersonates another for fraud
- Uses stolen personal info for financial gain
112
What is information overload?
Exposure to excessive info causing overwhelm
Leads to poor decision making due to info confusion
113
What is IMAP?
Internet Message Access Protocol for email
Allows email to stay on server (unlike POP3)
More features than POP3 (Post Office Protocol)
114
What is LAN (Local Area Network)?
Network within a limited area (home, office)
Connects devices over short to medium distances
115
What is a laptop?
A type of computer device used for information retrieval and programming
116
What is MCH ?
Memory Controller Hub
Connects CPU, RAM, graphics card, and Southbridge
Manages data flow between these components
117
What is memory management?
OS task ensuring:
* Each process has enough memory
* No process accesses others' memory
* Efficient use of all memory types
118
What is a memory card reader?
Device that reads/writes flash memory cards
Can be external or built-in
Supports multiple card formats
119
What are memory cards?
Flash storage media for devices like cameras, phones, MP3 players
Stores photos, videos, music, data
120
What is a modem?
MODulator/DEModulator hardware device
Converts digital data to analog signals for phone lines and back
Types include cable and DSL modems for broadband
121
What is Multi-threading?
Running multiple threads of the same program simultaneously
Improves efficiency by parallelizing tasks within one program
122
What is a Motherboard?
Main circuit board of a PC
Holds CPU, BIOS, memory, storage interfaces, ports, expansion slots
Connects all hardware components
123
What is Modular design?
System made of separate, connectable components (modules)
Allows easy upgrading and replacement (e.g., power supply)
Simplifies custom design without affecting whole system
123
What is Multi-tasking?
One CPU switches rapidly between programs
appears as if there is simultaneous execution
124
What is a Mobile browser?
Browser optimized for small screens and limited device resources
Lightweight interface for efficient use of memory and bandwidth
124
What are Microwaves in communication?
Signals that travel in straight lines
Suitable for wireless transmission of large bandwidth data
124
What are Mediated Search Engines?
Programs that search documents for keywords
Return list of documents containing those keywords
125
What is Multi-processing?
Multiple CPUs/processors run tasks simultaneously
True parallel processing
126
What is the Northbridge chipset?
High-speed controller linking CPU to memory via frontside bus (FSB)
Connects peripherals via AGP (
Accelerated Graphics Port), PCI Express
May include display controller (no separate GPU needed)
127
What is a NIC (Network Interface Card)?
Network Interface Card
circuitboard/card installed in a computer
Connects the computer to a network
128
What is a Network?
a group of two or more computer systems linked together
* LAN – local, close proximity
* WAN – wide area, connected via phone/radio
* MAN – metropolitan, city/town network
* PAN – personal/small network
* GAN – global network (e.g., Internet)
129
What is Netiquette?
Internet etiquette
Respect others' privacy
Avoid annoying or frustrating others online
130
What does a Network Administrator do?
Manages LAN/WAN for an organization
Handles security, hardware/software installs, upgrades
Enforces licenses, manages backups, ensures network uptime
131
What is Normalisation in databases?
Organizing data to reduce redundancy
Divides database into related tables
Defines relationships between tables
132
What is an Object (in programming)?
Self-contained entity with:
* Data (fields/state)
* Methods (behavior/actions)
132
What are benefits of using Objects?
Modularity: independent code maintenance
Information hiding: internal details hidden, accessed only via methods
Code re-use: existing objects can be used in new programs
Pluggability/debugging: replace faulty objects easily without affecting rest of program
133
What does OCR stand for?
Optical Character Recognition
Converts scanned images of text into editable text documents
Advanced OCR keeps original document formatting
134
What is an OS?
Operating System
Most important software on a computer
Manages keyboard input, screen output
Controls files, directories, disk drives, printers, peripherals
135
What is OSS?
Open Source Software
Software with source code publicly available
Free to use and modify
Developed collaboratively by programmers worldwide
136
What is Overclocking?
Running a computer component faster than factory settings
Used to boost performance
Can risk overheating or hardware damage
137
What is Overloading in programming?
Same method name used with different parameters
Resolved at compile time (not runtime)
Improves code clarity and performance
138
What is Overriding in OOP?
Child class replaces parent class method implementation
Same method name, signature, and parameters
Example: Overriding Java’s toString() method
139
What does Plug and Play (PNP) mean?
Devices that work immediately when connected
No manual driver installation needed
OS auto-detects and configures the device
140
What is a Printer Server?
Software or device managing print requests
Handles printer queue info for users and admins
141
What is Process Management in an OS?
A process = running program or part of it in memory
OS ensures:
* each process gets enough CPU time to carry out its task properly
* each process gets the other resources it needs e.g. memory, I/O, data
* the CPU is being used efficiently, carrying out as many processes as possible.
142
What is a Proxy Server?
A server that sits between a client application, such as a Web browser, and a real server
Intercepts client requests to real server
Fulfills request if possible, or forwards to real server
Adds privacy, security, or caching
143
What are Product Keys?
Unique alphanumeric codes for software installation
Ensures software is legally purchased
143
What are Programming Languages?
Languages for writing instructions for computers
Used to develop applications and scripts
144
What is a Compiler?
Translates entire high-level program to machine code at once
Resulting machine code executed by processor
145
What is an Interpreter?
Translates and executes high-level code line by line
Stops execution on error in any part of the code
146
What is a P2P Network?
Peer-to-Peer Network
All computers have equal capabilities and responsibilities
No dedicated servers; all nodes can share resources
147
What are Plug-in Applications?
Software added to existing applications to add new functions
Different from add-ons/extensions which modify existing functions
148
What is Piracy?
Unauthorized copying of software
149
What does POP3 stand for?
Post Office Protocol version 3
Allows email client to download email from server
Simple protocol, only downloads mail, no extra features
150
What is RAID?
Redundant Array of Independent Disks
Uses multiple disks for fault tolerance, performance, storage
Data can be mirrored (copied) on disks to prevent loss
Striping: splits data across disks for faster read/write
Multiple disks appear as one large storage device
151
What is RAM?
Random Access Memory: fast, volatile memory
152
What types of RAM exist?
DRAM (Dynamic RAM): needs constant refreshing, slower
SRAM (Static RAM): no refresh needed, faster, used in CPU cache
153
What is SDRAM?
Synchronous DRAM
Runs in sync with CPU bus
About 3x faster than conventional RAM
154
What is DDR SDRAM?
Double Data Rate SDRAM
Transfers data on both rising & falling clock edges
Doubles throughput vs SDRAM
Uses less power, ideal for laptops
155
What are Registers in a CPU?
High-speed storage inside CPU
Holds data or memory addresses for processing
CPU speed partly depends on register size & count
Example: 32-bit CPU = 32-bit wide registers
155
What is a Repeater in networking?
Device that regenerates or copies network signals
Used to extend network range without loss
156
What is RFID?
Radio Frequency Identification
Uses antenna + transceiver + tag (transponder)
Reads info wirelessly, no line-of-sight needed
Works over longer distances than barcodes
157
What is a Ring Topology?
Network where devices connect in a circular loop
Data packets travel around ring until destination reached
157
What is ROM?
Read-Only Memory, non-volatile
Data stored permanently, cannot be changed (normally)
158
Types of ROM?
PROM: Programmable once, needs special programmer
EPROM: Erasable with UV light, can be reprogrammed
EEPROM: Electrically erasable, byte-by-byte rewriting possible
Flash memory: Like EEPROM but erases/writes in blocks, faster
159
What is a Router?
Device forwarding data packets between different networks
Connects LANs, WANs, or LAN to ISP
Found at gateways between networks
160
What is a Relational Database?
Database with multiple related tables (files)
Combines data from tables for queries/reports
161
What is a Switch in networking?
a device that filters and forwards packets between LAN segments.
162
What is Shareware?
Software distributed free initially on an honor system
User encouraged to pay if software is used regularly
Copyrighted, unlike public-domain software
Cannot be sold as your own
163
What is a Solid State Drive (SSD)?
Storage device with no moving parts
High-performance, plug-and-play
Faster and more durable than traditional HDDs
164
What is Storage in computing?
Capacity of a device to hold and retain data
165
What are Serial Connectors?
Transmit data one bit/event at a time
Opposite of parallel, which transmits multiple bits/events simultaneously
166
What is SATA?
Serial ATA: Standard for connecting hard drives and optical drives
Uses serial communication cables and ports
167
What does SOHO stand for?
Small Office/Home Office
Refers to small or home business environments and culture
168
What is SaaS?
Software as a Service
Software delivered remotely via the web
No need for local installation
169
What is a Search Engine?
Program that searches documents for keywords
Returns a list of documents containing those keywords
170
What is a Semantic Search Engine?
Uses metadata to improve search accuracy
Embeds metadata in HTML5 for better understanding of content
171
What is SEO?
Search Engine Optimization
Techniques to increase website traffic
Aims for high ranking on search results (SERP)
172
What is SMTP?
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Protocol for sending email from client to server
173
What is Streaming?
Data transferred as a continuous, steady stream
Enables real-time processing and playback
174
What is SSL?
Secure Sockets Layer protocol for secure internet communication
Uses public & private key encryption
URLs start with https:// for SSL-secured sites
- Encryption: Coding information so only authorized users can decode it
Decryption: Converting encrypted data back to readable form
- Public key encryption: Uses two keys: public key (everyone knows) + private key (recipient only)
- Private key encryption: Uses the same key for encryption and decryption
175
What are Software Bugs?
Flaws causing wrong output or program crashes
Due to insufficient or incorrect logic
176
What is Spam?
Unsolicited junk email or newsgroup postings
Often advertising, wastes time and bandwidth
176
What is Spoofing?
Tricking or deceiving systems or users by faking identity
Types: email spoofing, IP spoofing, fake usernames
177
What is Social Engineering?
Manipulating people to reveal confidential info
178
What is TCP/IP?
nternet communication protocol
Defines rules for computers to communicate over the Internet
179
What is a Thin Client?
Minimal client in client/server setup
Most processing done on server
Usually no hard drive (vs fat client which has disk)
180
What is Topology in networking?
Physical or logical layout of a network
181
What is Bus Topology?
Devices connected to one central cable (bus/backbone)
Easy & cheap for small networks
Used in Ethernet
182
What is Ring Topology?
Devices connected in a closed loop
Data travels around ring to destination
Expensive and complex but high bandwidth
183
What is Star Topology?
Devices connected to central hub
Easy to manage
Possible bottlenecks at hub
184
What are Transmitters?
Devices that produce radio waves using an antenna
184
What is Tree Topology?
Groups of star networks connected to a linear bus backbone
Mix of bus & star features
185
What is USB?
Universal Serial Bus standard for external device connection
Supports Plug-and-Play and hot plugging
186
What is a Utility Program?
Software performing specific system management tasks
187
What is a U3 Smart Drive?
USB flash drive with pre-installed software
Runs active programs directly from the drive
Can upgrade existing flash drives with U3 software
188
What is a UPS?
Uninterruptible Power Supply
Battery backup for power outages
Keeps devices running during power cuts
189
What is Virtualisation?
Creating virtual versions of hardware or OS resources
Partitioning drives, servers, or networks into virtual parts
Users interact as if virtual resource is a real device
190
What is Virtual Memory?
Uses hard disk space to extend RAM capacity
Slower than physical RAM, slows system if overused
Allows running more programs than physical RAM alone
191
Types of Virtualisation:
Storage Virtualisation: Combines multiple storage devices into one unit
Server Virtualisation: Divides one physical server into multiple virtual servers
OS-level Virtualisation: Virtual servers running on OS kernel level
Network Virtualisation: Logical segmentation of a physical network
Application Virtualisation: Apps run with their own isolated settings
192
What is VOIP?
Voice over Internet Protocol
Makes phone calls over the Internet instead of phone lines
193
What is a VPN?
Virtual Private Network
Uses public internet to create a secure private network
Connects users to company networks securely
194
What is Video Conferencing?
Real-time audio and video communication between remote participants
Uses computer networks to transmit data
195
What is a Virtual Office?
Business location existing only online
No physical office space needed
196
What is a Web Server?
Computer that stores and serves web pages
Has an IP address and domain name
Sends requested web pages to browsers
197
What is Wi-Fi?
Wireless networking technology
Uses radio waves for high-speed Internet and network access
198
What is a Wiki?
Collaborative website edited by multiple authors
Content is continuously updated and collective
199
What is WiMAX?
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
Wireless broadband network standard
200
What is WAP?
Wireless Application Protocol
Protocol for accessing the Internet, email, and messaging on mobile devices
Not the same as Wireless Access Point
201
What is a WLAN?
Wireless Local Area Network
Uses radio waves instead of wires for communication in small areas
202
What is a Web Browser?
Software to locate, retrieve, and display web content
Displays pages, images, video, and files from the Web
203
What is Web-based Email?
Email service accessed via a web browser -- no need for email client software
204
What is the WWW?
World Wide Web
System of servers hosting HTML documents with links
Supports multimedia and hyperlinked navigation
Not all Internet servers are part of the WWW
205
What is a Wireless Access Point?
Fixed wireless transceiver in a WLAN
Broadcasts signal within a microcell area
Connects wireless users to wired backbone and Internet
206
What is a WMN (Wireless Mesh Network)?
Network with many wireless nodes communicating with each other
Shares network connection across a large area
