terminology Flashcards
carefully created by yours truly, john pork (136 cards)
1
Q
Bound, free and complex forms (morphemic structure)
A
Bound form - a linguistic frm that is never spoken alone
Free form - can be spoken alone
Complex form - a form that bears a partial phonetic-semantic resemblance to some other linguistic form. (each constituent is said to accompany other constituent)
2
Q
Morpheme
A
a linguistic form which bears no partial phonetic-semantic resemblance to any other form
- the smallest meaningful unit in a language.
3
Q
Sememe
A
the meaning of a morpheme; constant and definite unit of meaning, different from all other meanings
4
Q
Lexicon
A
a total stock of morphemes in a language
(as a complete list of morphemes would account for all the phonetic forms of a language)
5
Q
Immediate Constituents Analysis
A
breaking down a word into constituents step by step until only morphemes remain (Leonard Bloomfield) (ungetlemanly)
6
Q
Linguistic unit
A
- possesses external form (sound) and semantic content
- is not created in the process of speech but used as sth already existing and only reproduced in speech
7
Q
Secondary words
A
(containing free morphemes)
- Compound words - contain more than 1 free form
- Derived secondary word - contain one free form
8
Q
Primary words
A
(not containing free words)
- Derived primary words - contain more than one bound form
- Morpheme-words - contain one free morpheme
9
Q
affixes according to position
A
- prefixes
- suffixes
- infixes
10
Q
affixes according to their function and meaning
A
- derivational
- functional (outer formatives)
11
Q
functional affixes
A
form-creating affixes
(new grammatical forms)
word-changing affixes
(case, number, gender, person)
12
Q
derivational affixes
A
suffixes (change word class)
prefixes
interfixes
postfixes (reflexive)
13
Q
root
A
the core part of the word
14
Q
stem (base)
A
part of the word to which inflexional affixes are added
15
Q
stem (classification)
A
- root stem
- derived stem
- compound stem
16
Q
semi-affixes
A
root morphemes that resemble affixes in meaning and behaviour (-man; -люб)
17
Q
functional (inflexional) affixes
A
- add grammatical meaning
- don’t change the word class
- create new word forms, not new words
- big productivity
- comes last
18
Q
lexical (derivational affixes)
A
- create new words with new lexical meaning
- often change the word class
- comes first
19
Q
productivity
A
how freely and frequently a word-formation process can create new words today
20
Q
Compound
A
a lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word
21
Q
types of productivity
A
limited productivity - some new words in specific cases
absolute productivity - unlimited number of words
can’t be used now - lexicalisation of grammatical forms
22
Q
word formation
A
part of lexicology which studies the patterns on which a language forms new lexical units
word formation is used to treat of composites which are analyxable both formally and semantically
23
Q
Based upon the semantic structure
A
Derivation - one semantic centre + affixes
Compounding - two or mre semantic centres
24
Q
Based on the relationship of components to the new word
A
Morphological word-building
Lexico-syntactic word building
Lexico-semantic word building
25
Affixation
most productive
26
back-formation
creating a word by removing an affix from a longer word
non productive
27
sound interchange
vowel or consonant change in the root (non-productive)
28
Stress interchange
record - record
29
lexicalization of grammatical forms
grammatical form becomes a separate word with independent meaning
colours-flag
30
Shortening
proctive
-clipping
-acronymizatiton
-abbrevation
-blending
31
classification of derived words
1) according to the root morpheme - same base
woman, womanly, womanish, womanised
many small groups
2) according to the affix morpheme - same affix
swimmer, speaker, drinker (er)
fewer larger groups
32
lexico syntactic word building
creation of new units from isolating fixed expression and treating them as single lexical units
33
lexico-semanting word building
changes in meaning through semantic development
if a word gets another meaning - polysemy
if the semantic connection is lost, a new homonym is created
board - flat piece of wood, daily meals, group of people
34
moorphological word building
- derivation
- compounding
- shortening
- sound interchange
- stress interchange
- lexicalization of grammatical forms
- back-formation
35
Left Arrow: Onomasiology
Studies the process of naming concepts — i.e., how we move from meaning to form.
🔁 Example: You have the concept of "a vehicle with two wheels" → you choose the word “bicycle”.
So, it moves top to bottom: concept → word.
36
Right Arrow: Semasiology
Studies the meaning of given words — i.e., how we move from form to meaning.
🔁 Example: You see the word “bicycle” → you retrieve the concept.
So, it moves bottom to top: word → concept.
37
The main objects of semantic studies
- semantic development of words its causes and classification;
- relevant distinctive features and types of lexical meaning;
- polysemy and semantic structure of words;
- semantic grouping and connections in vocabulary systems i.e. synonyms, antonyms, terminological systems etc.
38
conversion
the word formation process where a word changes its syntactic category (part of speech) without changing its form
noun-verb(water)
39
structural types of compounds
1 - neutral compounds
- simple neutral (brainstorm)
- derivational (golden-haired)
- contracted (TV-set)
2 - morphological compounds (handiwork, spokesperson)
3 - syntactic compounds (mother-in-law)
40
can the meaning of a compound word be regarded as the sum of its constituent meanings? (semantic aspects of compounds)
- sum of constituent meanings (classroom)
- partially predictable (blackboard)
- doesnt correspond to the sum (ladybird)
41
Endocentric compounds
one part is the head that defines a compound (steamboat - a kind of boat)
stem - determinatum
boat - determinant
42
Exocentric compounds
no semantic centre, only the combination names the referent (pickpocket)
43
shortening - definition and classification
the process of substracting phonemes and / or morhemes from words and word-groups without changing their lexico-grammatical meaning.
very productitve, involves the shortenning of words and word groups
- clipping
- acronyms
- abbreviation
44
clipping
a new word is made wrom the syllable of the original word
apocope - words shortnd at the end (vet-veterinary)
aphoeresis - at the beggining (phone - telephone)
syncope - omitted sylables in the middle (specs - spectacles)
45
acronym
a new word is made from the initial letters of a word group
- normal word (NASA)
- alpabetical reading (BBC)
- mixed type (CDROM)
46
abbreviation
shortened form of a written word or phrase used in text for economy of space and effort
NY ltd etc
47
specifically english pattern
first - letter, second - complete word A-bomb
48
facetious forms
in electronis communication (btw, idk)
49
backronym
not acronyms originally but interpreted as such later (SOS)
50
Blending
compounding by means of merging parts of words into one new word
- initial elements of one word + final elements of another (smog)
- one notional word + final elements (radiotrician)
- initial letters of ne word + notional word
productive (terminology, placenames, names of nations)
51
types of blending depending on the prototype phrases
- additive - same word class (frenglish)
- restrictive - first element serves as a modifier to second (positron - postitve+electron)
52
reduplicatives
two or more constituents which are identical or slightly different
- synonymic unities (пане-брате)
- semantic unities (батько-мати)
- oppositional unities (машина-амфібія)
53
semasiology
a branch of linguistics concerned with the meaning of words, focusing on how words signify concepts (What does X mean?)
54
semantics
the study of meanings in a language (looks at how contex, grammar affect meaning)
- the expressive aspect of language in general
- the meaning of one particular word in all its varied aspects and nuances
55
semiology
the study of sign system, especially in culture (red rose - love)
56
semiotics
the science of sign in general (red light - stop)
57
onomasiology
studies the process of naming concepts, how we can move from meaning to form
58
the course of general linguistics Ferdinand de Saussure
language - the symbolic system through which we communicate
speech - actual utterances, individual use of that system
59
the linguistic sign
- signifier (the word)
- signified (the concept)
60
referential approach
what the word refers to, its connection to the real word (a sound, concept, referent)
61
functional approach
what the word does in speech - how it functions in communication (do)
62
the triangle of reference (Charles Key Ogdon and Ivor Armstrong)
[Thought or Reference]
/ \
/ \
/ \
[Symbol] ------- [Referent]
(e.g. "tree") (actual tree)
the meaning is mediated by thought
63
semiotic doctrine of Charles Sandres Peirse
Representamen
(Sign / Form)
▲
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
Interpretant ◄────► Object
(Meaning) (Referent / Thing)
Representamen (Sign) – the form the sign takes (e.g. a word, image, sound).
Example: The word "tree".
Object – the real thing or concept the sign refers to.
Example: A real tree in the world.
Interpretant – the meaning or understanding the sign creates in the mind.
Example: Your mental image or concept of a tree.
➡️ Peirce believed signs are triadic: meaning happens through the interaction between the sign, the object, and the interpretant. No element exists independently in the process of meaning.
64
COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS
- comparing meanings within/between languages
- basis for translation equivalences
- figurative meaning, metaphors
girl:[+human], [+female], [–adult].
- differential approach - meaning is based on differences
- integral approach - shared and distinguishing features
65
the levels of analysing the word in componential analysis
- sememic - the full meaning of the word in one context
- semic - deals with semes girl:[+human], [+female], [–adult].
66
nucleus
constant, essential semantic component
67
periphary
changes with context - leads to polysemy
68
macrocomponents of meaning
1) denotative meaning
2) connotative meaning
3) grammatical meaning
69
denotative meaning
the notional content; what it refers to in reality
denotatum - notional nucleus of meaning
70
connotative meaning
emotional content of the word
connotatum - any component which adds to the denotative meaning
71
grammatical meaning
the structural meaning based on the words role or function in the sentence
72
polysemy
a word has multiple related meanings
the more frequently its used the more meanings it develops
more common in english due to the flexibility of the root
73
extralingual factors of the development of the semantic structure of words
- physical and mental
- enviromental
- social
74
universal lexicon
wotds that are found in all languages
75
nationally specific lexicon
words that exist in one language
76
Metaphor
the meaning is transferred from one object to another because they share the same feature (the sun is a gold coin)
77
Metonymy
one word is used instead of the other because the two are closely connected in experience or context; because of contiguity
78
metaphor and similie difference
metaphor - one thing is another
similie - one thing is like another
79
cognitive metaphor
we understand abstract ideas via concrete experiences (our relationship has hit a dead-end street; love road; off the track, we have to bail out)
the reasoning in traveling is put on the reasoning of love
metaphor is a fundamental part of thinking
George Lakof
80
synecdote
a type of metonymy where a part stands for a whole and vice versa (wheels-car)
81
hyperbole
intentional exaggeration of size, quantity or intensity to enhance expressiveness or impact (a thousand thanks)
82
litotes
understatement by using negation of the opposite meaning to soften a statement
- simple negation (not bad)
- double negation (не видається неможливою)
- without negation i could go with a cup of coffee
83
irony
using a word in its opposite meaning, often positive verbs to express criticism and sarcasm нагородити стусанами, святий та божий
84
euphamism
mild or polite substitution for unpleasant offence or taboo terms (дурний-нерозумний, пішов з життя (помер))
85
autonym
word that self explains its meaning
86
ananym
spelling real name backwards
87
cryptonym
code name (silent fox)
88
synonyms
words whose meaning coincide either fully and partially
89
types of synonyms
- full synonyms - semantic contents cincide completely (шофер, водій)
- partial synonyms - only some meanings coincide, they become synonyms when used in one of their meanings or in certain combinations
90
types of synonymy
- semantic (ideographic) - show different degree of the same quality or phenomena
(mistake-blunder)
- stylistic synonymy - used in different communication styles, stylistic colouring (insane/loony)
91
types of non-lexical synonymy
- phraseological synonymy
- derivational synonymy (unable, incapable)
- grammatical synonymy (used to/would)
92
antonyms
word pairs opposite in meaning
- gradable - two ends of the same spectrum
- complementary - absolute opposites
- reverse - indicate opposite actions, roles, directions
93
homonym
a word with the same pronunciation and spelling as another, but different meaning
94
types of homonyms
- full homonyms - same spelling and pronunciation in all forms (farmer's bull - papal bull)
- partial synonyms - coincide only in some forms
95
types of partial homonyms
- homographs -same spelling, diff pronunciation and meaning (lead)
- homophones - same pron., diff spelling and meaning (to/two/too)
- capitonyms - same spelling, diff meaning when capitalised (polish/Polish)
- homoforms (віз)
- homomorphemes (став(ок) - став)
96
paronyms
words similar in form but have different meaning (affect-effect), (farther-further)
97
hyponym/hyperonym
hyponim - specific meaning (rose), hyperonym - umbrella meaning (flower)
98
meronym/holonym
meronym - part of whole(petal), holonym - whole that contains the part(flower)
99
stylistically neutral level
- words mostly of native origin
- fully assimilated borrowings
- dont express emotions, used in denotative meaning
- can be used in a text of any style
100
a neutral word
in goups of synonyms - the main or central word (synonimic dominant)
101
stylistically marked level classification
1) literary-bookish words ("learned words") - formal style, formal category of communication (mostly of foreign origin; polymorphemic structure; stable)
(solitude, divergent)
2) colloquial words - informal spoken english (wanna, gonna)
102
types of literary-bookish words
1) general-literary learned words - formal, high-flown synonyms of neutral words (commence-begin, respond-answer)
or express ideas that dont exist in neutral language with one word (hibernate-spend winter sleeping)
2) special-literary learned words - specialised and include subgroups
- terms or scientific words (renaissance)
- poetic words and archaisms (nay-no)
- barbarisms and foreign words (faux pax)
- neologisms (BFF)
103
types of special-literary learned words
-terms
-barbarisms
-archaisms
-neologisms
104
terms
words or nominal groups which convey specialized concepts used in science, technology, art (phoneme, radar)
105
barbarisms
words of foreign origin not entirely assimilated into English. they bear the appereance of a borrowing and are often alien (chic, barbaros)
106
barbarisms///foreign words
barbarisms - not italized, listed in many main dictionary entries
foreign words - often italicized, not in the main parts of english dictionaries (je ne sais quoi)
107
terminological borrowings
foreign words which fulfil a terminological function (concerto, tenor, blitzkreig)
108
naturalized foreign words
foreign words once used to describe a concept non-existent in english, but merged with native English stock of words (cocious, strenuous, scientific, methodical)
109
realia
describes things that dont exist in english culture (kolhosp)
110
archaisms
deliberate use of an older form that has fallen out of the current use
- literary archaisms - evoke the older style
- lexical archaisms - use of words no longer in common use (anent - about, concerning)
111
types of colloquial words
1) literary-colloquial words - used in everyday conversations by everyone
2) non-literary colloquilisms - informal used by specific groups
112
neologisms
newly coined lexical units, or existing that aquire a new sense (selfie, e-book)
113
types of non-literally colloquialisms
- slang
- jargon
- professionalisms
- vulgarisms
114
slang
informal short-lived usage by specufuc social groups, acts as a code to recognise members of your social groups
gonna wanna lmao
115
slang///colloquialisms
slang - only some understang
coll - most native speakers use it
116
jargon
used by people of particular job
- to communicate quickly and clearly ("technical language") (weed, grass)
117
professionalisms
used in jobs to describe sth in a simple way, not secretive. meant to simplify the cnversation (tin-fish - submarine; piper - cake decorator)
118
vulgarisms
coarse, low-register words, unrefined informal speech (tits, puke, moron)
not the same as
- obstinates - offend decency
- profanities - offend religion
119
language
has means to enable the production of thoughts; so all languages are absolutely equal as instruments of communication and thought
120
lexicology
вчення про слова
as a separate brunch of linguistics
- is concerned with the sign nature, meaning and use of words and word combinations
- raises some important questions about the interpretation and evaluationof the vocabulary of language
121
historical lexicology
studies the evolution of vocabulary across different stages of language
- origin, etymology of words
- change in form, meaning
- lingual/extra/lingual factors
122
descriptive lexicology
describes and analyses the current state of a language's vocabulary at a particular pooint in time
- semantic, morphological structure
- stylistic layers
- polysemy, -nyms, word-formation
123
etymology
deals with the origin of the ord by pointing out the root or primitive upon which it is based
124
general lexicology
the general study of words and vocabulary irrespective of the specific features of any particular language
125
special lexicology
description of the characteristic peculiarities in the vocabulary of a given language
126
contrastive lexicology
focuses on comparing lexicons of two or more languages; explores the lack of oone-to-one equivalences
127
theoretical value of language
forms vocabulary, is one of the 3 main aspects of language
128
practical value of lexicology
stimulates a systematic approach to the facts of the vocab and real-word application
129
syntagmatic relations
words are combined in order, linear character of speech
130
paradigmatic relations
interdependence of elements within words/interdependence of words within vocabulary
131
inductive method
observation - pattern - hypothesis - theory
132
deductive method
theory - hypothesis - observation - testing
133
distributional analysis
Zarig Harris
studying lexical units besad on their distribution, position and enviroment in the text
1) setting up elements
2) stating their distribution
134
transformational analysis
method of repattering distributional structures to analyse meaning
1 - permutation - word order
2 - replacement
3 - addition/expansion
4 - deletion
135
componential analysis
describing a meaning by breaking it doen into semantic compnents (semes/sememes)
136
statistical analysis
studying language patterns based on frequency and numerical data
