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terminology Flashcards

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1
Q

Mechanics

A

The study of forces and motions
Kinematics is how objects move, dynamics is why objects move

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2
Q

scalars vs vectors

A

scalars - physical quantity that has magnitude and units
vectors have direction as well as magnitude and units

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3
Q

Physics

A

the study of relationships between matter and energy

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4
Q

position

A

location of an object at one point in time relative to a frame of reference

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5
Q

total displacement

A

when an object changes position more than once its total displacement is the sum

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6
Q

velocity

A

change in position / displacement per unit time

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7
Q

uniform vs nonuniform motion

A

uniform - motion at a constant velocity same speed same direction
nonuniform - motion with changing velocity. the speed or direction changes

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8
Q

acceleration

A

the rate of change of velocity per unit time

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9
Q

uniform acceleration

A

constant slope on velocity time graph

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10
Q

instantaneous velocity

A

rate of change in position at one moment in time
can be calculated using the slope of a tangent which just touches the curve at a point

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11
Q

force

A

action like push or pull
newtons

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12
Q

contact force

A

push or pull between objects that are touching
like applied, friction, tension

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13
Q

non contact force

A

push or pull at a distance
like gravity and electrical

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14
Q

applied, tension, normal, friction force

A

applied - force resulting when one object makes contact with another and pushes or pulls on it
tension - pulling force from a rope or string on an object that always points towards rope or string
normal - perpendicular force exerted by a surface on an onject in contact
friction - force opposing the sliding of two surfaces across one another

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15
Q

net force

A

vector sum of all forces acting on an object

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16
Q

weight vs mass

A

weight - force of gravity on an object in a specific place
mass - amount of matter inside an object measured in kg doesnt change

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17
Q

force of gravity

A

force of attraction between any two masses in the universe

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18
Q

inertia

A

property of matter that causes an object to resist changes to its state of motion which is directly proportional to its mass

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19
Q

newtons first law

A

if the net external force on an object is zero, the object will stay at rest or continue to move at a constant velocity

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20
Q

newtons second law

A

an objects acceleration is proportional to the net force acting on it and in the same direction and inversely proportional to its mass

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21
Q

newtons third law

A

for every action force, theres a simultaneous reaction force equal in magnitude but opposite in direction

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22
Q

free fall

A

motion of a falling object where the only force acting on the object is gravity

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23
Q

terminal speed

A

maximum constant speed of a falling object

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24
Q

force field

A

region of space surrounding an object that can exert force on other objects within that region

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25
coefficient of friction
ratio between friction on an object and normal force
26
weak vs strong force vs electromagnetic
weak - more powerful than gravity at a short distance interaciton between subatomic particles strong - strongest force, overrides electrostatic repulsion and holds protons together in the nucleus electromagnetic - between charged particles
27
energy
ability to do work
28
kinetic vs potential vs mechanical energy
kinetic - energy of motion potential - stored energy mechanical - kinetic and potential
29
work
transfer of energy
30
work energy principle
the net amount of mechanical work done on an object is the objects change in kinetic energy
31
gravitional potential energy
amount of potential energy due to gravity with respect to a reference point
32
energy
capacity to do work
33
law of conservation of energy
energy cannot be created or destroyed, only stored or transformed
34
mechanical energy
sum of kinetic and gravitional potential energy
35
conservative vs nonconservative force
conservative force is when the work is independent of the path taken ex gravity nonconservative relies on the path, like friction
36
efficiency
ratio of useful energy output to input
37
second law of thermodynamics
during heat transfer and mechanical work, some thermal energy leaves without doing work. thermal energy transfers from higher temps to lower temps
38
power
rate at which work is done
39
specific heat capacity
amount of energy required to raise 1kg of substance by 1K or 1C
40
principle of thermal energy exchange
equal amount of thermal energy transfers from a higher temp to lower temp until they reach thermal equilibrium
41
phase change
requires a change in interal energy
42
latent heat of fusion vs latent heat of vapourization
fusion - melting and freezing vapourization - boiling and condensation
43
periodic motion
cyclical motion of an object about an equilibrium point
44
cycle
one complete repeat of pattern
45
period
the time to repeat one cycle
46
frequency
number of cycles per time interval
47
mechanical wave
transfer of energy through a material due to vibration
48
elasticity
property of a medium that returns to its original shape after disturbance
49
transverse vs longitudinal wave
transverse - particles vibrate perpendicularly longitudal - particles vibrate parallel
50
complex wave motion
transverse and longitudinal wave combined
51
phase vs phase shift vs in and out of phase
phase - continuous wave the x coordinate of a unique point of wave phase shift - shift of the entire wave along the x axis in vs out - in is when 2 identical waves have the same phase shift, out is when they dont
52
simple harmonic motion
motion that repeats at regular intervals and amplitude, period and frequency are the same
53
mach number
how many times faster than the speed of sound an object is
54
sonic boom
Once the speed of sound is reached, a shock wave is created
55
infra vs ultra sonic
infra - frequencies lower than 20Hz ultra-frequencies higher than 20 kHz
56
sound intensity vs sound intensity level
sound intensity - a measure of sound energy reaching a unit area in 1s, uses picowatts level - measures sound intensity using dBs
57
Superposition of waves
When two overlapping component waves produce a resultant wave, the displacement of each point in the medium is the sum of displacements from each component wave
58
principle of superposition
Two waves, when in phase, have a resulting amplitude as the sum of both
59
constructive vs deconstructive interference
constructive - 2+ waves combine to build a wave with a. greater amplitude than the individuals deconstructive - 2+ waves out of phase forming a wave with an amplitude less than the individuals
60
61
moving from slow to fast vs fast to slow medium
slow to fast - reflected and transmitted pulse are both upright fast to slow - reflected pulse inverted, transmitted pulse upright
62
nodes vs antinodes
nodes - points in standing moves that never move antinodes - points in standing wave that vibrate max
63
natural frequency
frequency where resonance or standing waves are produced
64

SPH3U (3 decks)

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