Terminology Flashcards
(177 cards)
1
Q
Physical geography
A
The study of physical features of the earth’s surface
2
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Absolute location
A
The exact position of a place on the earth surface
3
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Relative location
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The location of something in relation to something else
4
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Spatial perspective
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The way geographers look at everything, in relation to space
5
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Map
A
A 2-D model of the earth or a portion of its surface
6
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Mental map
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A map which represents the perceptions and knowledge of person has up an area
7
Q
Distribution
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The frequency or occurrence of something
8
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Pattern
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A consistent or characteristic arrangement
9
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Formal region
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A region marked by uniformity
10
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Functional (nodal )region
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A group of places linked together by some functions influence on them
11
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Perceptual/vernacular/region
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A region defined by peoples beliefs
12
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Remote sensing
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Technique of obtaining information about objects through the study of data collected by special instruments that are not in physical contact with the object being analyzed
13
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GIS Geographic information systems
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A computer program that stores geographic data and produces maps to show those data
14
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Diffusion
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The spread of a cultural element or some other phenomena
15
Q
Expansion diffusion
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A form of diffusion in which the cultural component spread outward to new places while remaining strong in its original hearth
16
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Relocation diffusion
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A former diffusion that involves the actual movement of the original adopters from their point of origin to a new place
17
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Acculturation
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Occurs when the weaker of the two cultures adopts treats from the more dominant culture
18
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Assimilation
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In cultural convergence, this occurs when the original traits of the week or culture are completely erased and replaced by the traits of the more dominant culture
19
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Transculturalration
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Occurs when two cultures of just about equal power or influence meet and exchange ideas or treats without the domination seen in acculturation and assimilation
20
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Contagious diffusion
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A form of expansion diffusion in which numerous places were people near the point of origin become adopters
21
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Hierarchical diffusion
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Occurs when the diffusion innovation or concept spreads from a place or person of power or high susceptibility to another in a level pattern
22
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Independent invention
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In which many hearths invent similar innovations without knowing about each other
23
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Environmental determinism
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The idea that human behavior is controlled by the physical environment
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Possibly am
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The idea that the natural environment places limits on the set of choices available to people
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Culture
The sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and have actual behavior pattern shared and transmitted by the members of society
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Cultural diffusion
The spread of culture
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Cultural landscape
Tangible result of human groups interaction with its environment
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Cultural trait
A single piece of the cultures traditions and practices
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Culture complex
Are unique combination of culture traits for a particular culture group
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Culture realm
A cluster of regions in which related culture systems prevail
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Culture region
A region within which common culture characteristics prevail
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Culture system
Collection of culture complexes that shape the groups common identity
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Sequent occupancy
Siri the place is occupied by different groups of people, each group leaving imprint on the place from which the next group learns
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Folk culture
Isolated group that has had long-lasting culture traits that have not changed substantially overtime
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Popular culture
Mass culture the diffusers rapidly through technology
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Commodification
The process through which something is given monetary value
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Stimulus diffusion
Expansion diffusion in which the innovative idea diffuses from the hearth outward, but the original ideas changed by the new adopters
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Adaptive strategies
Do you need Cue in which each culture uses its particular physical environment
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Architectural form
The look of housing, affected by the available materials, the environment the house is in, and the popular culture of the time
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Authenticity
The truthfulness of origins, attributions, commitments, sincerity, devotion, and intentions; the quality of being authentic
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Cultural appropriation
The process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit
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Folk culture
Cultural traits such as dress modes, dwellings, traditions, and institutions of usually small, traditional communities
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Folk ways
Any informal norms, virtues, or values characterized by being followed through imitation and mild social pressure but not strictly enforced or put into law
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Folklore
Consist of legends, music, oral history, Proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs, and costumes are the tradition of that culture, subculture or group
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Maladapted diffusion
Fusion in which image takes precedence over practicality
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Material culture
The art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people
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Nonmaterial culture
The beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values, a group of people
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Popular culture
Cultural traits such as dress, diet, and music that identify and are a part of today's changeable, urban based, media influenced, Western societies
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Survey systems
Systems that are used to collect data
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Traditional architecture
Traditional building styles of different cultures, religions, and places
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Vernacular
The commonly spoken language or dialect of a particular people or place
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Acculturation
The exchange of cultural features that results from groups coming to continuous firsthand contact
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Adaptation
Adjusting to a translation based on the cultural environment of the target language
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Assimilation
The process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech, particularly's, or mannerisms when they come into contact with another society or culture
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Cultural divergence
The separation of cultures through less and less contact and interaction between them; restriction of a culture from outside influences
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Cultural convergence
Contact and interaction of one culture in another
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Cultural integration
The process of combining cultures together into one
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Core/periphery/semi – periphery
The core – periphery idea that the courthouse is the main economic power of the region and outlying region and that the periphery houses the lesser economic ties with the semi periphery in between the two
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Cultural identity
The way people categorize the culture sometimes by the way they dress and what they eat
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Cultural realm
The entire region that displays the characteristics of a culture
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Cultural regions
A portion of earths surface occupied by a population sharing recognizable and distinctive cultural characteristics
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Global – local continuum
The notion that what happens at the global scale has a direct effect on what happens at the local scale, and vice – versa
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Glocalization
The process by which people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes
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Innovation adoption
The diffusion of new ideas
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Cultural adaptation
Adjusting to a translation based on the cultural environment of the target language
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Cultural shatter belt
The area of instability between regions with opposing political and cultural values
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Ethnic cleansing
The systematic killing or extermination of an entire people or nation
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Ethnic conflict
A struggle that happened because of ethnicities interacting
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Ethnic conclave
A gathering of an ethnic group
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Ethnic group
People of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture
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Ethnic homeland
A sizable area inhabited by an it an ethnic majority of the exhibits a strong sense of attachment to the region
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Ethnic neighborhood
The neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice it's customs
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Ethnicity
Affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture
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Ethnocentrism
Conviction of the evidence superiority of one's own ethnic group
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Ghetto
A forest or voluntarily segregated residential area housing a racial, ethnic, religious minority
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Plearle society
A society that contains various cultural groups
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Race
Categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics
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Segregation
A measure of the degree to which members of the minority group or non-– uniformly distributed among the total population
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Creole
It language that begins as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by people in a place of the mother tongue
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Dialect
Local or regional characteristics of a language
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Indo – European language
If family of several 100 related languages and dialects
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Isogloss
Geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs
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Language family
Group of languages it with a shared but fairly distant origin
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Language group
Set of languages with a relatively recent common origin many similar characteristics
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Lingua franca
Elaine would use among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce
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Linguistic diversity
The amount of variation of languages a place has
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Monolingual
Only one language spoken
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Multilingual
More than one language spoken
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Official language
In multilingual country is the language selected to promote internal cohesion; usually the language of the courts and government
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Pidgin
When two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary
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Proto language
And assumed, reconstructed, or recorded ancestral language
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Toponymy
Study of place names of the region/or toponyms
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Infanticide
The murder of infants
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Animism
The belief that in animate object, such as trees, rocks, and rivers, possess souls
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Buddhism
Religion; believe that enlightenment will come through knowledge, especially self-knowledge, elimination of greed, grading, and desire, complete honesty, and never hurting another person or animal
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Confucianism
If philosophy of ethnic's, education, and public service based on the writings of Confucius
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Ethnic religion
A religion that is particular to one culturally distinct group of people
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Hinduism
Religion; unique in that it does not have a single founder, a single theology, or agreement on its origins
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Islam
Religion; based on the teachings of Mohammed
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Judaism
Religion; return the teachings of Abraham, who is credited with uniting his people to worship only one God
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Monotheism
The belief in only one God
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Polytheism
Believe in multiple gods
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Religious fundamentalism
Religious movement his objectives are to return to the foundation of the faith and to influence state policy
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Shamanism
Community faith in traditional societies in which people follow their shaman
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Shintoism
Religion; located in Japan and related to Buddhism; focus is particularly on nature and ancestor worship
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Sikhism
Religion; begin in northern India; the principal belief is that faith in Vahiguru emphasizes faith in God
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Sunni
Branch of Islam; Orthodox/traditionalist; believe in the effectiveness of family and community and the solution of life's problems; except traditions of Mohammed as authoritative
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Shia (Shi'ite)
Branch of Islam; Persian variation; believe in the infallibility and divine right to authority of the Imams, descendants of Ali
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Theocracy
A state his government is under the control of a ruler who is determined to be divinely guided, or of a group of religious leaders
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Pandemic
A disease that occurs over a wide Geographic area and effects of very high proportion of the population
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Physiological density
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture
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Population pyramid
Shows percentage of population in five – year age groups, what's the youngest group at the base of the pyramid and the oldest group at the top. The length of the bar represents the percentage of the total population in that group. Males are usually on the left and females on the right
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Sex ratio
The number of males per 100 females in the population
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Total fertility rate (TFR)
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years
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Medical revolution
Medical technology is invented in Europe and North America that is diffuse to the poor countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Imputed to medical practices have illuminated many of the traditional causes of death in poor countries and enable more people to live longer and healthier lives
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Natural increase rate
The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate
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Overpopulation
The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living
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Agricultural revolution
The time when human beings first investigative plants and animals and no longer rely entirely on hunting and gathering
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Agricultural density
The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture
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Arithmetic density
The total number of people divided by the total land area
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Crude birth rate
The total number of live births you really pre-thousand people in the population
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Crude Death rate
The total number of deaths yearly per 1000 people in the population
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Demography
Scientific study of population characteristics
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Demographic transition model
The sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth rate and death rates to low birth and death rates through time
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Baby boom
It's an increase in the birthrate of the population
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Total fertility rate
The number of children born to an average woman in a population during her entire reproductive life
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Dependency ratio
The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64, non-– working, compared to the number of people active in the labor force.
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Epidemiological transition model
The theory that says that there is a distinct cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition model. I can help explain how a countries population change so dramatically
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Ecumene
The portion of earths surface occupied by permanent human settlement
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Jay – curve
This is when the projection population shows exponential growth; sometimes shape as a J curve. This is important because if the population grows exponentially our resources will go up exponentially and so will our uses as well as a greater demand for food and services
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Brain drain
Large – scale emigration by talented people
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Disease diffusion
There are two types, can be contagious and hierarchical. Hierarchical is a long high density areas that spread from Irvine to rule areas. Contagious is spread through the density of people. This is important in determining how the disease spread see you can predict how it will spread
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Life expectancy
The average number of years and individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live
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Standard of living
A level of material comfort in terms of goods and services available to someone
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Distance decay
The effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction
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Zero population growth
When the birth rate equals the death rate
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Infant mortality rate
The theory that describes the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a given population
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Gravity model
A model that holds that the potential use of the service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.
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Intervening opportunity
The presence of a near opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away
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Push – pull factors
Conditions that draw people to another location, pull factors, or cause people to leave their homeland and migrate to another region, push factors.
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Transhumance
The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and Lowland pastures
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Chain migration
Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
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Internal migration
Migration within a country
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Migration patterns
Patterns of movement; Intercontinental – over country's borders, interregional – was in a region or certain area, rule – urban – the rule area to an urban area, farm to a city.
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Immigration
Moving into a pop
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Emigration
Leaving a population
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Neo – Malthusian
I believe that the world is characterized by scarcity and competition in which to many people fight for too few resources. Named for Thomas Malthus, who predicted the dismal cycle of misery, vice, and starvation as a result of human overpopulation
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Outsourcing
Producing a broad parts or products for domestic use or sale
Subcontracting production or services rather than performing those activities "in house"
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Quaternary activities
Those parts of the economy concerned with research, with the gathering and dissemination of information, and was administration – including administration of the other economic activity levels; often considered only as a specialized subdivision of tertiary activities
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Quinary activities
Hey sometime separately but she denies subsection of tertiary activity management functions involving highest – level decision-making in all types of large organizations. Also deemed the most advanced form of the Quaternary subsector
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Weight gaining
When a product undergoes the gain of net weight by combining several things together to create a larger product
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Weight reduction
When a product undergoes loss of net weight by removal of the original materials
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Agglomeration
The spatial grouping of people activities for mutual benefit; and economic geography, the concentration of productive enterprise for collective of cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources and market access
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Deglomeration
The process of the concentration; the location of industrial or other activities away from established a glamour rations in response to grow and cost of congestion, competition, and regulation
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Industrial revolution
The term applied to the rapid economic and social changes in active culture and manufacturing the fall the introduction of the factory system to the textile industry of England in the last quarter of the 18th century
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Labor-intensive
Type of industry in which labor cost is a high percentage of expense
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Location theory
Illogical the time to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity in the manner in which is producing areas are interrelated
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Maquiladora
Factories bit by US companies in Mexico new US border to take advantage of most lower labor costs in Mexico
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Crop rotation
The annual alteration of crops that make differential demands on our contributions to soil fertility
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Terracing
The practice of planting crops on steep slopes I have been converted into a series of horizontal step like level plots
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Antecedent boundary
About underline established before the area in question is well populated
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Artificial boundary
A boundary without obvious physical geographic basis; often the section of the parallel or latitude or Meridian of longitude
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Centrifugal force
Canamak and social forces pushing households and businesses outward from a central line in or – city locations or forces of disruption and dissolution threatening the unity of the state
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Centripetal force
Deforce attracting establishments or activities to the city center or forces tending to bind together the citizens of the state
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Enclave
A small bit of foreign territory line within the state but not under its jurisdiction
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Exclave
A portion of the state that is separated from the main territory and surrounded by another country
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nation – state
The status territory is identical to that is occupied by a particular ethnic group or nation
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Central business district
The nucleus or downtown of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated, mass transit systems converge, and land values and building densities are high
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Concentric zone model
A model describing urban land uses as a series of circular belts or rings around a core CBD, each ring housing and distinct type of land use
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Gentrification
The movement into the inner portions of American cities of middle – and upper – income people to replace low – income populations, rehabilitate the structures they occupied, and change the social character of neighborhoods
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Multiple – nuclei model
The postulate that large cities developed by peripheral spread not from one central business district there from several knows of growth, each of specialized use. The separately expanding use districts eventually coaliesce at their margins
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Primate city primate city
A country's leading city, disproportionately larger and functionally more complex than any other city; a city dominating an urban hierarchy composed of a base of small towns and an absence of intermediate size cities
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Rank – size rule
And observed regularity in the city – size distribution of some country. The rink – size hierarchy, the population of any given town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy; – the nth ranked city will be 1/n the size of the largest city
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Least – cost Siri
The view that the optimum location of a manufacturing establishment is at the place where the cost of transport in labor and the advantages of agglomeration or deglomeration are most favorable
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Shifting cultivation
Crop production on tropical forest clearings Captain cultivation until there quickly declining fertility is lost. Cleared sites are than abandon a new sites are prepared. Synonyms slash- and-burn agriculture/Swidden agriculture
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Physiological density
Total population divided by arable land area
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Define human geography
A branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with the built environment, with particular reference to the causes and consequences of the spatial distribution of human activity on the earth's surface
