Terminology Flashcards
Agricultural Revolution
The agricultural revolution was a period of time reaching from the 1650’s to the 1750’s where the industrial revolution took over. The AR was the result of many new innovations such as the seed drill and selective breeding. The outcome of the AR was massive increase of farmland and crop farming methods and yields
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution took place I Britain in the 18th and 19th centuries. The IR was similar to the AR as it was the result of inventions and innovations like the Spinning Jenny and the Flying Shuttle and provided new way of living fro Britain’s citizens
Triangular Trade
Triangular trade is where a country pays for it’s imports by exporting goods to another country, making a three-way connection
Enlightenment
A European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent figures included Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith
Factory System
An alternate solution to the ‘putting out’ system or ‘Cotton industry’ which included large amounts of people working with machines. The workers required very little skill as most of the work was completed by the machines
Enclosures
The Enclosures were a series of laws that were brought about by the British government. There were over 4000 of these Enclosures and the major effect that they had on Britain’s population was allowing wealthy people to own areas of land, converting common land into private hands
Selective Breeding
In the late 1700’s a man named Robert Bakewell started breeding animals of different breeds together, in order to produce new breeds of the species with different and more often than not better characteristics
Urban Planning
Urban planning was the city reform caused by a disease outbreak in England due to non-existent or poor sanitation conditions. It included building open spaces for sport and entertainment, first gas-powered and then electric lighting. A couple of other things that were developed was the formation of outlying suburbs and the invention of the telegraph and telephone
Trade Unions
Trade unions were groups created with common goals, to raise wages and reduce hours for example. Their main defence to the government was the threat to stop working, to go on strike. Trade unions were illegal and resulted in three months’ jail until they were deemed legal in 1825
Chartism
Chartism is the term used to describe what happened in Britain around 1838 including worker’s rights. Since factory owners profited from paying workers less and not caring about their hygiene, a group of people came together and its goal was to provide equal rights to all men not just the wealthy
Spinning Jenny
The Spinning Jenny was a cotton spinning machine patented by James Hargreaves in 1770. It has more than one spindle, enabling the user to spin multiple yarns simultaneously
Imperialism
Imperialism is the control of countries or territories by foreign powers. Such as The Great British Empire controlling many countries including Ireland, England, Wales and Scotland just to name a few
Cotton Gin
The Cotton Gin is a machine that was invented to increase the efficiency of separating cotton from their seeds. The machine was created by Eli Whitney and patented in 1794
Telephone
The telephone was an invention first patented by Graham Bell in 1876. It is an electronic device that allowed its user to speak with people over long distances
Child Labour
At the beginning of the industrial revolution children were seen as perfect workers as they were small enough to fit in between the new machines. Factory owners also saw children as ideal workers since they were cheap, about one sixth of the adult wage. A downside of child labour was that the children started work around 4 or 5 and missed out on education. Many of these children were forced to work up to 16 hours a day with minimal rest and poor conditions
