Terminology

Question 1

Cornea

Answer 1

Transparent layer in front of the eye. Part of the outer protective layer of the eye. It’s bulging curvature provides the major refraction of the eye.

Question 2

Layers of the cornea (superior to inferior)

Answer 2

Corneal epithelial
Bowman's membrane 
Stroma of cornea (stroma damaged= corneal scar) also the largest layer
Duas layer (recently discovered)
Descemet's membrane
corneal endothelium

Question 3

Role of the corneal endothelium

Answer 3

Single layer of cells that bumps water OUT. too much water makes the cornea cloudy. If 1 cell is damaged, there is no fixing it and the neighbor cell will not pick up for it’s slack.

Pt wil have to take drops to remove water.

Question 4

How many layers in the cornea

Answer 4

6
Corneal epithelial
Bowman's membrane 
Stroma of cornea (stroma damaged= corneal scar) also the largest layer
Duas layer (recently discovered)
Descemet's membrane
corneal endothelium

Question 5

What layer of the cornea will cause a corneal scar if you damage it

Answer 5

Stroma

Question 6

Does the cornea have nerve endings? What about blood vessels?

Answer 6

The cornea is highly sensitive and filled with many nerve endings. Although the epithelium regenerates quick, it is very painful.

There are no blood vessels or innervation on the cornea. It is a clear structure.

Question 7

Plural of iris

Answer 7

Iridies

Question 8

How do dilation drops work

Answer 8

Iris expands and contracts in order to alter the amount of light entering the eye.

Dilation freezes the constriction muscle and enhances the dilation muscle.

Question 9

Alger brush

Answer 9

Drimmle tool that spins. Use when you have a wound that does not have clean edges. Ex: corneal abrasion. You want to alsow wound to heal in a nice clean order. Although the brush makes the wound bigger, epithelial cells can more orderly fall in the hole.

Question 10

How far to drill with alger brush

Answer 10

Drill down to bowman’s layer- brush will stop because that layer is so thick. This will dramatically reduce healing time.

Question 11

2 places in the eye that can generate pain

Answer 11

Cornea and ciliary body

Question 12

Malingering

Answer 12

lying pt

Question 13

trichitilamania

Answer 13

Compulsion to pull eyebrow/eyelash hairs. Anxiety.

Question 14

Conjunctiva

Answer 14

The clear transparent membrane that lies over the sclera, and lines the inside of the eyelids. Mobile/movable. Most common site of “red eye”

Question 15

Sub conjunctiva heme

Answer 15

Bruise on your conjunctiva. “think of it as a bruise, but you’re looking through glass instead of skin.”

If this is recurrent, there may be a blood disorder, pressure bowel moments or heaving lifting.

Question 16

Why does your eye sting if you hold your eyes open for too long

Answer 16

Tears distributed across the eye protect. If tears evaporate, the nerves are exposed to air and is painful.

Question 17

Eyelashes

Answer 17

The cilia or hair that prevents foreign structures from irritating the outer eye.

Question 18

Eye brows

Answer 18

A pair of heavy areas above each eye that protects the eye. Wicking agent

Question 19

What provides nutrition to the cornea

Answer 19

Aqueous humor, which is produced by the ciliary process and travels through the pupil to the anterior chamber. Absolutely clear.

Question 20

What is the culprit of glaucoma

Answer 20

Aqueous humor. Causes the decrease in peripheral vision.

May be due to the increase of aqueous humor production (open angle glaucoma)

OR due to the aqueous getting clogged and not being able to exit. (closed angle glaucoma)

Question 21

Your ___ does the seeing

Answer 21

brain. Your eyes just capture it. If optic nerve is damaged, you will not perceive anything although your photoreceptor cells are working fine.

Question 22

What if a pt reports deep boring pain behind eye

Answer 22

Could be ciliary body. Causes eye fatigue

Question 23

What if pt reports a sharp pain that makes you want to blink

Answer 23

Corneal damage

Question 24

Crystalline lens

Answer 24

The resident, transparent structure in the eye that focuses light by changing its curvature. The reason why we can see so many distances. Controlled by the ciliary muscle and zonules.

Question 25

How do cataracts and presbyopia occur

Answer 25

Cells create waste that is encapsulated inside the lens. This hardens the lens and makes it cloudy.

Question 26

Ciliary muscles

Answer 26

The muscles that control the focusing of the eye by pulling/relaxing the grip on zoules, causing the lens to change shape.

Relax ciliary body (sitting)- contracted zonules- skinny lens for distance vision

Contract ciliary body (standing) - relaxed zonules- rounded lens for accommodation

Question 27

Suspensory ligaments or zonules

Answer 27

The long, thin fibers that connect the lens to the ciliary muscle.

Question 28

Vitreous humor

Answer 28

A clear, jelly like substance that fills the inside of the eye, behind the lens. As you age, the jelly becomes more liquified. This liquid can slosh around more, pulling away from the retina (retinal detachment). Also floaters are now easier seen since the jell is moving.

Question 29

optic nerve

Answer 29

The bundle of nerve fibers that carry vision impulses from the retina to the brain, which is where vision happens.

Question 30

Retina

Answer 30

The inner lining of the eye, composed of nerve cells, giving the eye its sensitivity to light. One of the most metabolically active tissues- very busy. Nourished by nerve fibers and blood vessels and the posterior choroid.

Question 31

Choroid

Answer 31

The highly vascular layer between the sclera and retina, whose function is nourishment to the retina.

Question 32

Macula

Answer 32

A small, thinned out layer of the retina, consisting of, almost exclusively, cone receptor cells which provide the eye with its clear, central vision. Exclusively provided nutrients by the choroid.

Macular degeneration disrupts central vision. Only place where you will not see superficial blood vessels. Avascular zone- better vision.

Question 33

How does the macula get nutrients

Answer 33

Strictly from the chorioid. Does not have any overlying vasculature.

Question 34

Cones

Answer 34

Retinal receptor cells that are responsible for clear and color vision. Concentrated in the fovea. Functions poorly in low levels of illumination.

Question 35

Rods

Answer 35

Retinal receptor cells, responsible for movement and black/white vision. Functions in low levels of illumination.

When it is bright outside, rods are “bleached” and take time to turn back on once being in a dark room.

Question 36

Optic nerve is always ____ to the macula

Answer 36

Nasal