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Infectious Diseases 2 > Terminology > Flashcards

Terminology Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

antigen

A

a molecule that can stimulate an immune response

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2
Q

antigen drift

A

a random accumulation of mutations in viral genes recognized by immune system = may significantly change the antigens of the virus, and may help it evade the immune system

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3
Q

antigen shift

A

antigenic shift is the process by which 2 different strains of influenza combine to form a new a subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the 2 original strains

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4
Q

reassortment

A

a mixing of the genetic material of two similar viruses that are infecting the same cell

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5
Q

cytokine

A

a substance that is produced by cells of the immune system and can affect the immune response

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6
Q

cytokine storm

A

a potentially fatal immune immune reaction caused by highly elevated levels of various cytokines

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7
Q

protozoa

A

single-celled eukaryotic organism

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8
Q

eukaryote

A

organism whose cells contain a true nucleus

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9
Q

prokaryote

A

an organism lacking a true nucleus (bacteria

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10
Q

definitive host

A

the host in which sexual reproduction of a parasite takes places

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11
Q

asymptomatic

A

without symptoms

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12
Q

latent infection

A

when an infection is present without causing damage - people may transmit infections even when they are latent

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13
Q

antibody

A

proteins that are found in blood of vertebrates - used by immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects (bacteria/viruses)

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14
Q

HAART

A

highly active antiretroviral therapy = combat AIDS using several different antiretroviral drugs at the same time

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15
Q

vertical transmission

A

transmission of an infection from mother to child during perinatal period (immediately before and after birth)

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16
Q

R0

A

average no. of new infections from 1 infected individual in a population of fully susceptible hosts

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17
Q

viral swarm

A

a group of viruses of the same species but with slightly different genetic sequences

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18
Q

complex life cycle

A

a parasite that requires multiple different host species to complete its life cycle

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19
Q

residual spraying

A

the application of small amounts of insecticide to the interior walls of houses to kill and repel malaria-transmitting mosquitos

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20
Q

nosocomial infection

A

result of treatment in a hospital/healthcare service, secondary to patient’s original condition

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21
Q

acute disease

A

rapid onset or short duration or both

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22
Q

iatrogenic

A

disease(infection) caused a result of medical procedures such as surgery, catheterization

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23
Q

fomite

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A

non-living object/substance capable of carrying infectious organisms = transferring them from one individual to another

24
Q

MRSA

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A

methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

evolved to survive treatment with beta-lactam antibiotics, including penicillin =superbug

25
VRSA
vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus aureus | strain that has become resistant to the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin
26
endemic
constant presence of a disease/infectious agent within a geographical area
27
epidemic
the occurrence in an area of a disease or illness in excess of what may be expected on the basis of past experience/given population
28
pandemic
a worldwide epidemic affecting an exceptionally high proportion of the global population
29
miasma theory
diseases were caused by bad air arising from organic decay or filth
30
index case
first disease case in an epidemic - patient zero
31
germ theory
micro-organisms - cause of disease
32
epidemiology
study of causes, distribution, and control of disease in populations
33
prevelance
the number of instances of a given disease in a given population at a time
34
incidence
the number of new cases of a disease occurring in a given population over a period of time
35
virulence
relative ability of a microbe to cause harm
36
epidemic curve
histogram that describes an outbreak of disease by plotting the number of cases of a disease by date of onset
37
attenuated
reducing the virulence of an organism - usually a virus whilst keeping it viable
38
transformation
genetic alteration of a cell resulting from uptake and expression of foreign DNA
39
competence for bacteria
ability of a cell to take up extracellular DNA from its enviroment
40
conjugation
transfer of DNA between bacteria through direct cell-to-cell contact
41
transduction
process by which bacterial DNA is moved from one bacterium to another by a virus
42
zoonosis
diseases which primarily occur in animals but may be transmitted to people
43
reservoir
long-term host of the pathogen of an infectious disease - may not get the disease carried by the pathogen/may be asymptomatic/non lethal
44
vector
a living organism that transmits the infectious agent between organisms of different species
45
Reff
effective growth rate of disease
46
herd immunity
type of community protection that occurs when the vaccination of a portion of the population provided protection to unvaccinated individuals
47
pulse vaccination
repeatedly vaccinating a group at risk to control the spread of an epidemic disease
48
ring vaccination
concentrating vaccination efforts in the location of known cases to form a buffer of immune individuals
49
vaccination
administering weakened/dead pathogens to a healthy person/animal with the intent of conferring immunity against a disease
50
vaccine
preparation of killed/living attenuated/living fully virulent microorganisms administered to produce/artificially increase immunity to a disease
51
amplification
Adding a species to a community increases the total abundance of hosts for a pathogen, increasing the disease risk to the target host
52
dilution
Adding a species to a community decreases the abundance of more competent hosts, decreasing the disease risk to the target host
53
competence for hosts
The efficiency with which a host acquires and spreads a pathogen
54
dead end host
host from which infectious agents are not transmitted to other susceptible hosts
55
antibiotic
a chemical substance that kills or suppresses the growth of microorgansims

Infectious Diseases 2 (7 decks)

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