Terminology Flashcards
1
Q
Medial
A
Midline
2
Q
Lateral
A
Away from midline
3
Q
Dorsal
A
Back
4
Q
Proximal
A
Toward body
5
Q
Distal
A
Away from body
6
Q
Cranial
A
Head
7
Q
Caudal
A
Toes
8
Q
Ventral
A
Front
9
Q
Transverse
A
Plane. Split top and bottom.
10
Q
Frontal
A
Plane. Split front and back.
11
Q
Sagittal
A
Plane. Split left and right.
12
Q
Diaphysis
A
Long shaft of bone.
13
Q
Epiphysis
A
End of a long bone.
14
Q
Medullary canal
A
centre of the bone. Where the marrow is.
15
Q
Periosteum
A
Outer layer of bone.
16
Q
Endosteum
A
Inner layer of bone.
17
Q
Metaphysis
A
Growth Plate
18
Q
Cement Lines
A
outer ring of osteon (where fracture propgation occurs)
19
Q
Haversian Canal
A
Contain blood vessels.
20
Q
Lacunae
A
Holes for osteocytes.
21
Q
Canaliculi
A
Channels between lacunae. Hypothesis that for osteocyte communicate.
22
Q
Volkmann’s Canal
A
Contans tansverse blood vessels.
23
Q
Cortical bone
A
Compact bone (outer layer)
24
Q
Trabecular bone
A
Spongey - found at ends of bone
25
Osteocytes
Communicate with canniculi. Mechanosensitive, detecting microcracks.
26
Osteoblasts
Lay down bone cells
27
Osteoclasts
Remove bone
28
Wolfs Law
Bones adapt to loading
29
Simple fracture
one break
30
Comminuted fracture
more than three breaks
31
Transverse fracture
right angle to bone
32
Oblique fracture
45 deg to bone
33
Spiral fracture
Torsion fracture
34
Greenstick fracture
Young bone - bone bends and doesn't entirely break.
35
Elastic behaviour of cartilage
Rapid loading so no fluid flow.
36
Viscoelastic behaviour of cartilage
Slower loading so fluid flow.
37
Constitutive Equation
A mathematical expression to determine the experimentally determined stress-strain response.
38
Integrin
Extends through cell membrane and tell nucleus what is happening via pressure.
39
De-protein Coupled Receptor
Extends through membrane to cytoskeleton, senses change in pressure.
40
SAIC
Stretch-Activated Ion Channel. Allows calcium to flow through and changes when pressure changes.
41
Tissue Grafting
Take cartilage from another source and put a plug where it is needed most.
42
Autologous Chondrocyte Therapy
Inject cultured chondrocyte cells - often results in fibrocartilage.
43
Microfracture
Damage subchondral bone to get mesenchymal stem cells that differentiate to chondrocytes.
44
Plantar flexion
point toes
45
Dorsiflexion
Toes up
46
Radial Deviation
Bending to the thumb.
47
Ulnar Deviation
Bending to the little finger.
48
Bursae
Fibrous sacs filled with synovial fluid. Located between muscles or when tendon passes over bone.
49
Surface Separation
lubricant film thickness / composite surface roughness.
50
Anatomical approach to TKA
Soft tissue constraints conserved.
51
Functional approach to TKA
Condyles and ligaments removed. Mechanics of the knee simplified.
52
Arthroplasty
Reconstruction or replacement of a joint.
53
Partial Meniscectomy
Remove damage and keep as much healthy tissue as possible.
54
Meniscectomy
Remove the entire meniscus.
55
Facet Joint
Channel and limit motion to provide stability to the spine.
56
Slipped disc
Fragmentation of nucleus pulposus.
57
Prolapse
Fissures provide a pathway for nuclear fluid to escape onto perineural tissue.
58
Tendon
Connect muscle to bone
59
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone
60
Endotendon
Connective tissue holding fascicle together
61
Paratendon
Vascular connective tissue surrounding tendon
62
Epitenon
Under paratenon in high friction location and produce synovial fluid
63
Vascular tendon
Surrounded by paratenon and moves in a straight line
64
Avascular tendon
Tendons that wrap around a joint and bear compressive forces
65
Hysteresis
Energy lost between loading and unloading
66
Fung
Quasilinear viscoelastic theory - describe effects of loading on tendon and ligament with time.
67
Tendonosis
Damage to structure
68
Tendinitis
Inflammation due to acute injury
69
Peritendinitis
Inflammation to the tendon sheath
70
Regeneration
Normal tissue re-established
71
Repair
Structure healed but scar tissue, abnormal composition, inferior mechanical properties.
72
Unique property of muscles
Contractility
73
Endomysium
Contains capillaries and nerves
74
Perimysium
Protect muscle from friction
75
Tintin
Maintains structure of sarcomere.
76
Tropomyosin
Rod-shaped protein
77
Troponin
Globular polypeptide complex
78
Actin
Thin filaments
79
Myosin
Thick filaments
80
Active Insufficiency
Failure to produce force when muscle too short
81
Passive Insufficiency
Restricted range of motion when fully stretched
82
A model of muscle contraction
Hill Muscle model
83
Agonist Muscle
Responsible for movement
84
Antagonist
Opposes movement
85
Synergist
Assist the agonist in performing movement - neutralise extra motion
86
Concentric Contraction
Shortening of muscle
87
Eccentric Contraction
Lengthening of muscle decelerates movement
88
Isometric Contraction
No change in length of muscle
89
Pennation Angle
Angle the muscle fibres attach to tendon
90
PCSA
Area perpendicular to muscle fibre direction - used to estimate max force of muscle.
91
Fusiform Muscle
Small pennation angle - quick movements, easily fatigued.
92
Unipennate
Large pennation angle - slower movements, more powerful.
93
Bipennate
Multiple pennation angles - static contractions
94
Multiple pennate
Short and long fibres and multiple pennate angles - provide stability
95
Muscle excursion
Muscle changes length (relative to itself or joint) as it contracts
96
Surface EMG
Large, superficial muscles.
97
Fine-wire EMG
Specific motor units. Small and deep muscles.
98
Morphogenesis
Begining of shape of a joint
99
Cavitation
Separation of joints in rudiments
100
Primary centre
The first area to ossify - diaphysis of long bone
101
Intramembrane ossification
Direct mineralisation of mesenchymal stem cells
102
Endochondral ossification
Cartilage replaced by mineralised tissue
103
Achondroplasia
Without cartilage formation
104
Arthrogryposis
Curving of joint
105
Plantar Aponeurosis
Truss mechanism that creates a rigid structure preventing the collapse of the arch
106
Windlass mechanism
Dorsiflexion of the toes tightens the plantar aponeurosis
107
Non-osseous Coalition
Bones joined via cartilage
108
Osseous Coalition
Single osseous link
109
Osteotomy
Modifying load transmission by altering the alignment of the bone
