Terminology, Introduction, and Nervous System

Question 1

Proximal and Distal are related to…

Answer 1

the head; for the same bone.

Question 2

Proximal =

Answer 2

closer to the head.

Question 3

Distal =

Answer 3

further from head.

Question 4

Lateral and Medial are related to…

Answer 4

the midline; splits body in half (vertically).

Question 5

Medial =

Answer 5

closer to the midline.

Question 6

Lateral =

Answer 6

further from midline

Question 7

Superior and Inferior apply to

Answer 7

the head, neck, trunk.

Question 8

Superior =

Answer 8

top half of body (above waist)

Question 9

Inferior =

Answer 9

bottom half of body (below waist)

Question 10

Transverse/Horizontal plane divides body into…

Answer 10

superior and inferior.

Question 11

Frontal/Coronal plane divides body into…

Answer 11

anterior and posterior

Question 12

Sagittal plane divides body into…

Answer 12

right and left parts

Question 13

What do Arteries do?

Answer 13

Carry blood oxygenated in the lungs and then pumped by the heart to the tissues of the body.
Usually coloured red in anatomical images.

Question 14

What do Veins do?

Answer 14

Returns blood that has supplied the tissues back to the heart, to be sent to the lungs to be reoxygenated.
Usually coloured blue in anatomical images.

Question 15

What are the three types of muscles?

Answer 15

Cardiac, Smooth, Skeletal

Question 16

The function of cardiac muscles?

Answer 16

Regulated by the hearts pacemaker.
Not voluntary
e.g the heart.

Question 17

The function of smooth muscles?

Answer 17

Found in arteries, digestive and urinary tracts.
Not voluntary
e.g. intestines

Question 18

The function of skeletal muscles?

Answer 18

Voluntary
Produces movement.
Maintains posture and position.
Supports/protects.
Maintains body temperature.
Stores nutrients.
e.g. bicep brachii

Question 19

The function of the medullary cavity?

Answer 19

It’s the hollow part of the bone that contains bone marrow. The bone marrow makes blood cells and stores fat.

Question 20

The function of the periosteum?

Answer 20

Nourishes compact bones and provides sites for the attachment of tendons and ligaments

Question 21

The function of the spongy bone?

Answer 21

Reduces the density of bone and allows the ends of long bones to compress as the result of stresses applied to the bone.

Question 22

The function of the compact bone?

Answer 22

It provides protection and strength to bones. Consists of units called osteons.

Question 23

The function of the synovial membrane?

Answer 23

A layer of connective tissue that lines the cavities of joints and tendons. The synovial membrane makes synovial fluid, which has a lubricating function.

Question 24

The function of the articular cartilage?

Answer 24

Provide a smooth, lubricated surface for low friction articulation.

Question 25

The function of the synovial fluid?

Answer 25

Is a thick liquid located between your joints. The fluid cushions the ends of bones and reduces friction when you move your joints.

Question 26

The function of the fibrous joint capsule?

Answer 26

The capsule limits unnecessary movement, while providing stability to the joint.

Question 27

The function of Somatic Nervous System

Answer 27

Conscious voluntary control e.g. skeletal muscle action or sensations you are aware of.

Question 28

The function of Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 28

Involuntary smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands. The ANS senses body conditions and makes adjustments.

Question 29

What is the tubercle? (feature of bone)

Answer 29

A tubercle is a small rounded point of a bone. It also refers to a nodule attached to bone, mucous membrane.

Question 30

What is the fossa (feature of bone)?

Answer 30

is a depression or hollow, usually in a bone

Question 31

What is the crest (feature of bone)?

Answer 31

A raised or prominent part of the edge of a bone. Crests are often the sites where connective tissue attaches muscle to bone.

Question 32

Different parts of a bone as the architecture differs?

Answer 32

Periosteum Compact/cortical bone Spongy bone Medullary cavity