Terminology/Landmarks/Preliminary Steps/Positioning Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
AP
A
Anteroposterior
2
Q
ASIS
A
Anterior superior iliac spine
3
Q
CR (has two meanings)
A
Central Ray or computed radiography
4
Q
DR
A
Digital radiography
5
Q
ED
A
Emergency Department
6
Q
IP
A
Image plate
7
Q
IR
A
Image Receptor
8
Q
L
A
Left
9
Q
LAO
A
Left anterior oblique
10
Q
OID
A
Object-to-image receptor distance
11
Q
OR
A
Operating room
12
Q
PA
A
Posteroanterior
13
Q
R
A
Right
14
Q
RA
A
Radiologist Assistant
15
Q
RPA
A
Radiology practitioner assistant
16
Q
RPO
A
right posteror oblique
17
Q
SID
A
Source-to-image receptor distance
18
Q
SSD
A
source-to-skin distance
19
Q
Anatomy
A
Science of the structure of the body
20
Q
Physiology
A
Is the study of the function of the body organs
21
Q
Osteology
A
is the detailed study of the body of knowledge related to the bones of the body
22
Q
Sagittal Plane
A
Divides the entire body or a body part into right and left segments. The plane passes vertically through the body from front to back.
23
Q
Midsagittal
A
is a specific sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body and divides it into equal right and left halves.
24
Q
Coronal Plane
A
Divides the entire body or a body part into anterior and posterior segments. The plane passes through the body vertically from one side to the other.
25
Midcoronal
is a specific coronal plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal anterior and posterior halves (this plane is also referred to as the midaxillary plane)
26
Horizontal Plane
Passes crosswise through the midline of the body or a body part at right angles to the longitudinal axis. This plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
It is positioned at a right angle of the sagittal and coronal plane.
(often referred to as an axial, transverse or cross-sectional plane)
27
Oblique Plane
Passes through a body part at any angle among the three planes (sagittal, coronal and horizontal)
28
Interiliac Plane
transects the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests at the level of the fourth lumbar spinous process (used to position the lumbar spine, sacrum, and coccyx)
29
Occlusal Plane
is formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with the jaws closed (used to position the odontoid process and in some head projecttions)
30
RUQ
Right upper quadrant
31
RLQ
Right lower quadrant
32
LUQ
Left upper quadrant
33
LLQ
Left lower quadrant
34
Mastoid Tip
C1
35
Gonion (angle of mandible)
C2, C3
36
Hyoid Bone
C3, C4
37
Thyroid Cartilage
C5
38
Vertebra Prominens
C7, T1
39
Approximately 2 inches (5 cm) above level of jugular notch
T1
40
Level of jugular notch
T2, T3
41
Level of Sternal Angle
T4, T5
42
Level of inferior angles of scapulae
T7
43
Level of xiphoid process
T9, T10
44
Inferior costal margin
L2, L3
45
Level of superior-most aspect of iliac crest
L4, L5
46
Level of anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
S1, S2
47
Level of pubic symphysis and greater trochanters
Coccyx
48
Ossification
is the term given to the development and formation of bones
49
Foramen
hole in a bone for transmission of blood vessels and nerves
50
Arthrology
Study of joints or articulations between bones
51
Synarthroses
immovable joints
52
Amphiarthroses
slightly moveable
53
Diarthroses
freely moveable
54
Fossa
Pit, fovea, or hollow space
55
Notch
Indentation into border of a bone
56
Closed fracture
fracture that does not break through the skin
57
Displaced fracture
serious fracture in which bones are not in anatomic alignment
58
Nondisplaced fracture
fracture in which bone retains its normal alignment
59
Open fracture
Serious fracture in which broken bone or bones project through the skin
60
Anterior (ventral)
refers to forward or front part of body or forward part of an organ
61
Posterior (dorsal)
refers to back part of body or organ
| Note that the superior surface of the foot is referred to as the dorsal surface
62
Caudad
refers to parts away from the head of the body
63
Cephalad
refers to parts towards the head of the body
64
Inferior
refers to nearer the feet or situated below
65
Superior
refers to nearer the head or situated above
66
Central
refers to middle area or main part of an organ
67
Peripheral
refers to parts at or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part
68
Contralateral
refers to part or parts on opposite side of body
69
Ipsilateral
refers to part or parts on same side of body
70
Lateral
refers to parts away from median plane of body or away from the middle of another body part to the right or left
71
Medial
Refers to parts towards median plane of body or towards the middle of another body part
72
Deep
refers to parts far from the surface
73
Superficial
refers to parts near the skin or surface
74
Distal
refers to parts farthest from point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning; away from center of body
75
Proximal
refers to parts nearer point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning; toward center of body
76
External
refers to parts outside an organ or on outside of body
77
Internal
refers to parts within or on the inside of an organ
78
Parietal
refers to the wall or lining of a body cavity
79
Visceral
refers to the covering of an organ
80
Dorsum
refers to the top or anterior surface of the foot or to the back or posterior surface of the hand
81
Palmar
refers to the palm of the hand
82
Plantar
refers to the sole of the foot
83
Projection
The path of the central ray as it exits the x-ray tube and goes through the patient to the IR.
(Most projections are based on the anatomic position and are defined by entrance and exit points in the body)
EX: If the CR enters anywhere in the front (anterior) surface of the body and exits the back (posterior) it is a AP projection.
84
Density
How soft or sharp the overall exposure/image is (gain)
85
Spatial Resolution
Sharpness, detail regarding anatomy
86
Onset
Involves the patient explaining what he or she was doing when the illness or condition began
87
Chronology
is the time element of the history
88
Subjective
Data pertaining to or are perceived only by the affected individual. They include factors that involve the patient's emotions and experiences, such as pain and its severity, and are not perceptible to the senses
89
Objective
Data perceptible to the senses, such as signs that can be seen, heard or felt and such things as laboratory reports
90
Cyanosis
Blueness of the skin
91
Palpation
Is the application of light pressure with the fingers to the body (used to locate bony radiographic landmarks).
* Proper palpation is accomplished by using fingertips.
* Improper palpation would be using the palm of the hand
92
Outpatient
Is someone who has come to the hospital or outpatient center for diagnostic testing or treatment but does not usually occupy a bed overnight. (Does not stay at the hospital, only comes in with scheduled appointments)
93
Inpatient
Is someone who has been admitted to the hospital for diagnostic studies or treatment (Physically staying at the hospital)
94
What is the characteristics of a sthenic body habitus? What is the percentage?
```
Build: moderately heavy
Abdomen: moderately long
Thorax: moderately short, broad, and deep
Pelvis: Relatively small
50%
```
95
For a sthenic body habitus, where are the organs normally at?
Heart: moderately transverse
Lungs: moderate length
Diaphragm: moderately high
Stomach: high, upper left
Colon: spread evenly; slight dip in transverse colon
Gallbladder: centered on right side, upper abdomen
96
What is the characteristics of a hyposthenic body habitus? What is the percentage?
Organs and characteristics for this habitus are intermediate between sthenic and asthenic body habitus types; this habitus is the most difficult to classify
35%
97
For a hyposthenic body habitus, where are the organs normally at?
Organs and characteristics for this habitus are intermediate between sthenic and asthenic body habitus types; this habitus is the most difficult to classify
98
What is the characteristics of a hypersthenic body habitus? What is the percentage?
```
Build: massive
Abdomen: long
Thorax: short, broad, and deep
Pelvis: narrow
5%
```
99
For a hypersthenic body habitus, where are the organs normally at?
Heart: axis nearly transverse
Lungs: short apices at or near clavicles
Diaphragm: High
Stomach: high, transverse, and in the middle
Colon: around periphery of abdomen
Gallbladder: high, outside, lies more parallel
100
What is the characteristics of a asthenic body habitus? What is the percentage?
Build: Frail
Abdomen: Short
Thorax: Long, shallow
Pelvis: Wide
101
For a asthenic body habitus, where are the organs normally at?
Heart: nearly vertical and at midline
Lungs: long, apices above clavicles, may be broader above base
Diaphragm: low
Stomach: low and medial, in the pelvis when standing
Colon: low, folds on itself
Gallbladder: low and nearer the midline
102
More than 85% of the population has either ________ or ________ body habitus.
sthenic or hyposthenic
103
Body habitus directly affects the location of what?
Heart, lungs, diaphragm, stomach, colon, and gallbladder
104
How many synovial joints are there?
There are 6 synovial joints that complete the 11 types of joints within the structural classification
105
What is the Gliding joint? What's an example of this?
Uniaxial movement. Simplest synovial joint. This allows slight movement. Flattened or slightly curved surfaces, most glide slightly in only one axis. An example of this would be the intercarpal or intertarsal of the wrist and foot
106
What is the Hinge joint? Give an example
Uniaxial movement. This joint permits only flexion and extension. Motion is similar to that of a door. An example would be the elbow, knees and ankles
107
What is the Pivot joint? Give an example
Uniaxial movement. These joints allow only rotation around a single axis. Allows movement of side to side and up and down. An example of this would be the atlas and axis of the cervical spine
108
What is the Ellipsoid joint? Give an example
Biaxial movement, primary. Permits movement in two directions at right angles to each other. Flexion and extension occur along with abduction and adduction. An example of this would be the joint of the wrist
109
What is the saddle joint? Give an example
Biaxial movement. Permits movement in two axes, similar to the ellipsoid joint. Its named this because the articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped and the articular surface of the other bone is shaped like a rider sitting in a saddle (two saddle like structures fit into each other). The Carpometacarpal joint between the trapezium and the first metacarpal is the only saddle joint in the body. Allows movement of side to side and up and down
110
What is the Ball and Socket joint? Give an example
Multiaxial movement. Permits movement in many axes like flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction and rotation. An example of this would be the hip and shoulder
111
What is the foramen?
hole in a bone for transmission
112
What is the fossa?
pit, fovea, or hollow space
113
What is a notch?
indentation into border of a bone
114
What are the four positioning terms most commonly used in radiology?
(1) projection
(2) position
(3) view
(4) method
115
What does tangential mean?
Skimming, outer margin of a curved body surface, formed between the CR and the entire body or body part
116
What does Axial mean?
There is longitudinal angulation of the CR with the long axis of the body or a specific body part
117
Upright Position
erect or marked by a vertical position
118
Seated Position
upright position in which the pt is sitting on a chair or stool
119
Recumbent Position
general term referring to lying down in any position, such as dorsal recumbent, ventral recumbent, or lateral recumbent
120
Supine Position
lying on the back
121
Prone Position
lying face down
122
Trendelenburg Position
supine position with head tilted downward
123
Fowler Position
supine position with head higher than the feet
124
Sims Position
recumbent position with the pt lying on the left anterior side (semiprone) with left leg extended and right knee and thigh partially flexed
125
Lithotomy Position
supine position with knees and hip flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle or knee supports
126
Abduct or Abduction
movement of a part away from the central axis of the body or body part
127
Adduct or Adduction
movement of a part toward the central axis of the body or body part
128
Extension
straightening of a joint; when both elements of the joint are in the anatomic position; normal position of a joint
129
Flextion
act of bending a joint; opposite of extension
130
Hyperextension
forced or excessive extension of a limb or joints
131
Hyperflexion
forced overflexion of a limb or joints
132
Evert/Eversion
outward turning of the foot at the ankle
133
Invert/Inversion
inward turning of the foot at the ankle
134
Pronate/Pronation
rotation of the forearm so that the palm is down
135
Supinate/Supination
rotation of the forearm so that the palm is up (in anatomic position)
136
Rotate/Rotation
turning or rotating of the body or a body part around its axis; rotation of a limb can be medial (toward the midline of the body from the anatomic position) or lateral (away from the midline of the body from the anatomic position)
137
Circumduction
circular movement of a limb
138
Tilt
tipping or slanting a body part slightly; tilt is in relation to the long axis of the body
139
Deviation
turning away from the regular standard or course
140
Dorsiflexion
flexion or bending of the foot toward the leg
141
Plantar Flexion
flexion or bending of the foot downward toward the sole
142
Projection
describes the path of travel for the x-ray beam
143
Position
describes the pt's anatomy that is closest to the IR
144
RPO
Right posterior oblique
145
LPO
left posterior oblique
146
RAO
right anterior oblique
147
LAO
left anterior oblique
148
The adult human skeleton is composed of how many primary bones?
206
149
There are 5 different classifications of bones and determined by bone shape, what are they?
(1) long
(2) flat
(3) sesamoid
(4) short
(5) irregular
150
Code of ethics is defined as
"a professions moral responsibility and the science of appropriate conduct towards others." The code of ethics outline what is and is not acceptable within a profession
151
When should you clean the exam room?
before and after each patient, with new, clean sheets
152
What does disinfectant mean?
kills pathogenic microorganisms but not their spores. Disinfectants can only be used on inanimate objects.
An example of a disinfectant would be bleach
153
What is an antiseptic?
Inhibits the growth of microorganisms on the skin.
| An example would be alcohol when it is used on the skin
154
What does sterilization mean?
is a process that results in the complete destruction of microorganisms and spores. There are many different ways to achieve sterilization.
Sterilization is only used for certain surgical tools. The skin can not be sterilized because natural bacteria reside on the skin, and the processes required to reach sterilization would significantly damage the skin resulting in serious injury
155
True or False?
| The radiographer/student is 100% responsible for the pt and the pt care during an imaging procedure
True!
156
What is the best exam format with severely injured pt's?
should be examined on the bed or cart
157
What is the best exam format with moderately injured pt's?
needs to be assessed for pain and maneuverability prior to determining exam format
158
What is the best exam format with mildly injured pt's?
exams should be executed with the equipment that will produce the best possible diagnosable image
159
When working with a ill or injured pt population or the pt is unresponsive, the following should be followed:
(1) radiographers should never lift a helpless pt alone.
(2) if a pt must be moved, it is always important to support the pt's head.
(3) the use of sideboards, glide bags, and other devices, along with the team approach, should be utilized when transferring a pt to and from carts/beds to the exam table
