TERMS Flashcards
1
Q
A complex disease involving an excessive amount of body fat; classified by a body mass index of 30 or greater.
A
OBESITY
2
Q
Study of movement as it relates to anatomy and physiology.
A
Kinesiology
3
Q
A practice that relies on evidence for guidance and decision-making and includes developing individual expertise, staying current on the best sources of external evidence (e.g., peer-reviewed research), and prioritizing client values and expectations.
A
Evidence-based practice
4
Q
a process of subjecting an author’s scholarly work, research, or ideas to the scrutiny of others who are experts in the same field
A
Peer-reviewed research
5
Q
The combined, interworking system of all muscles and bones in the body
A
Musculoskeletal system
6
Q
A state of lost physical fitness, which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability
A
Deconditioned
7
Q
A body weight greater than what is considered within normal standards; a body mass index of 25.0 to 29.9
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Overweight
8
Q
When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships
A
Muscle imbalance
9
Q
The support provided by tissues surrounding a joint to maintain and provide control during movement
A
Joint stability
10
Q
BMI = 25.0-29.9
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Overweight
11
Q
BMI = 30.0 or greater
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Obese
12
Q
The social standing of a person or group that includes education, income, and occupation
A
Socioeconomic status
13
Q
The state of having a disease
A
Morbidity
14
Q
A state or a risk of death or dying
A
Mortality
15
Q
The process by which the human body strives to maintain a relatively stable equilibrium in relation to the surrounding environment and the regular tasks it is required to perform
A
Homeostasis
16
Q
a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
A
Health (defined by WHO):
17
Q
any abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of a part of the body
A
Disease
18
Q
any attribute, characteristic, or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury
A
Risk factor
19
Q
a waxy, fatlike, substance found in found in blood (bodily cells) that is made up of a combination of protein and fatty acids, known as a lipoprotein
A
Cholesterol
20
Q
A sudden lack of blood supply to the brain, caused by either a blockage in an artery or ruptured blood vessel
A
Stroke
21
Q
The action that occurs when an artery supplying the heart with blood and oxygen becomes blocked; medically known as a myocardial infarction
A
Heart attack (myocardial infarction)
22
Q
A condition in which the heart can’t pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs
A
Heart failure
23
Q
A condition that occurs when one or more heart valves do not function properly, causing shortness of breath and reduced oxygen supply to the body
A
Heart valve problem
24
Q
A problem with the rate or rhythm of a person’s heartbeat. The heart beats too quickly, too slowly, or with an irregular pattern
A
Arrhythmia
25
A category of heart-related problems caused by the narrowing of coronary arteries, which supply blood and oxygen to the heart muscle
Ischemic heart disease
26
The processes by which plaque is formed in arteries leading to reduced blood flow
Atherosclerosis
27
bodily movement that results in energy expenditure and encompasses many modes and intensities. Movement that is not structured exercise such as recreational pursuits (e.g. golfing gardening, and walking a dog)
Physical Activity
28
Consistently elevated blood pressure
Hypertension
29
the pressure in arteries and other blood vessels when the heart is CONTRACTING (top number recorded)
Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)
30
chronic metabolic disorder, caused by insulin deficiency, which impairs carbohydrate usage and enhances usage of fat and protein
Diabetes
31
the simplest form of carbohydrate use by the body of energy
Glucose
32
the inability of the cells to respond to insulin; occurs in type 2 diabetes
Insulin resistance
33
a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body
Cancer
34
a general term to describe progressive lung diseases, including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and refractory (nonreversible) asthma
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
35
a group of hormones secreted by the brain that provides a variety of physiological functions, such as reducing the perception of pain
Endorphins
36
the type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement
Skeletal muscle
37
the stretching or tearing of ligaments
Sprain
38
an inflammation of the fibrous tissue (plantar fascia) along the bottom of the foot, which often results in intense heel pain
Plantar fasciitis
39
An injury or inflammation of the tendon that connects the patella (kneecap) to the tibia (shin bone).
Patellar tendonitis
40
A stretch, partial tear, or complete tear of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee.
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear
41
A stretch, partial tear, or complete tear of the medial collateral ligament of the knee
Medical cruciate ligament (MCL)
42
Shoulder pain caused by rotator cuff tissues rubbing against the acromion bone of the shoulder.
Shoulder impingement syndrome
43
the various monetary requirements associated with the day-to-day running of a business
Operational costs
44
an exercise training method defined by intervals of near-maximal intensity broken up by relatively short rest periods
High-intensity interval training (HIIT)
45
The level of commitment to a behavior or plan of action
Adherence
46
an individual who has been identified as a potential client
Prospect
47
a system for learning about the needs of a potential client to be able to identify and present a number of solutions for those needs
Sales process
48
nondirective questions that can’t be answered with a simple yes or no answer; they require critical thinking to formulate a response
Open-ended questions
49
a rapport-building technique where fitness professionals walk around the gym floor talking to members without overly presenting a sale
Working the floor
50
a relationship in which two people understand each other’s ideas, have respect for one another, and communicate well
Rapport
51
a business management technique that helps predict how much work is needed to meet a revenue goal
Forecasting
52
Highlighting unique skills or traits during a sales presentation that allow an individual to stand out from the competition
Unique selling proposition (USP)
53
A product or service identified by specific, unique characteristics.
Brand
54
A professional development technique that helps individuals identify their personal strengths and weaknesses, opportunities for growth, and potential threats to success
SWOT analysis
55
An area of science that focuses on people, and in particular, how the mind and feelings may influence behaviors
Psychology
56
the level of commitment to a behavior or plan of action
Adherence
57
the intensity and direction of someone’s effort to participate in an activity or engage in a behavior
Motivation
58
the social standing of a person or group that includes education, income, and occupation
Socioeconomic status
59
describes when someone is not motivated to engage in an activity or behavior
Amotivation
60
when someone participates in an activity or behavior for some type of reward or recognition from other
Extrinsic motivation
61
when people engage in an activity or behavior because they feel a sense of satisfaction
Intrinsic motivation
62
A professional who is licensed to therapeutically manipulate the muscles and other soft tissues of the body through physical touch
Licensed massage therapist
63
A practitioner who is educated in many areas of physical rehabilitation
Physical therapist
64
A professional who often works alongside physicians and medical technicians to help diagnose and treat sports injuries
Athletic trainer
65
A licensed healthcare professional who primarily deals with conditions relating to spinal alignment
Chiropractor
66
Treat each colleague and client with the utmost respect and dignity
Professionalism
67
Maintain adequate liability insurance
Business Practice
68
Store and dispose of client records in a secure manner
Confidentiality
69
Accept complete responsibility for one’s actions
Lethal and Ethical
70
Goals focused on the end result
Outcome goals
71
refers to the process of goal pursuit
Process goals
72
the intentional ways that people assist others in achieving a specific behavior
Social support
73
a specific form of anxiety that occurs in individuals who perceive that others could be negatively evaluating their physique
Social physique anxiety
74
Describes a person’s state of mixed feelings about a situation
Ambivalence
75
The actions that directly facilitate a behavior to happen. In the context of exercise, instrumental support can include driving a person to a health club or paying for the gym membership.
Instrumental support
76
The encouragement and positive reinforcement that is provided from an individual to another, which includes being caring, empathetic, and showing concern.
Emotional support
77
The ability to identify with another person’s feelings, attitudes, or thoughts.
Empathy
78
Providing accurate, current, and informative information
Informational support
79
When someone engages in a behavior with an individual. This type of support is often observed in an exercise setting where people exercise with a friend or partner
Companionship support
80
The way someone evaluates their own self-worth physically, emotionally, and socially.
Self-esteem
81
The way someone views their physical self or visualizes their body.
Body image
82
A sleep disorder in which a person’s breathing repeatedly stops and starts, which disrupts the body’s natural sleep cycle
Sleep apnea
83
Bodily movement that results in energy expenditure and encompasses many modes and intensities. Movement that is not structured exercise such as recreational pursuits (e.g., golfing, gardening, and walking a dog).
Physical activity
84
The level of commitment to a behavior or plan of action.
Adherence
85
Acting in accordance with how one wants to behave.
Autonomy
86
When people engage in an activity or behavior because they feel a sense of satisfaction
Intrinsic motivation
87
A communal space, separate from home or work, where the client experiences their own sense of identity and relationship to others
Third space
88
Client interventions that are used to change some determinant of behavior.
Behavior change techniques (BCTs)
89
One’s belief that they can complete a task, goal, or performance; also known as self-confidence
Self-efficacy
90
Describes a person’s state of mixed feelings about a situation
Ambivalence
91
Observing, measuring, and evaluating one’s own behavior, often in the form of a diary or log
Self-monitoring
92
Refers to the psychological, social, or environmental factors that influence behavior.
Determinants of behavior
93
A construct that captures motivational factors that influence behavior. It indicates how hard people are willing to try and how much effort they are planning to exert.
Intention
94
A broad theoretical framework for the study of human motivation
Self-determination theory
95
When motives for exercise relate to valuing the outcome, when exercise is consistent with the client’s identity, or when the client enjoys exercise
Autonomous motivation
96
A concrete representation of when and where exercise will occur
Planning
97
The degree to which a person has a favorable or unfavorable evaluation of the behavior of interest
Attitudes
98
The expected positive and negative consequences of a behavior.
Outcome expectations
99
The state of mental or emotional tension from demanding circumstances
Stress
100
An evaluation of whether one has the means, resources, and opportunities to perform a behavior
Perceived behavioral control
101
Referring to expected pleasure or enjoyment
Affective judgment
102
Belief that an important person or group of people will approve and support a behavior
Subjective norms
103
Client does not exercise and is not planning to start exercising within 6 months.
Precontemplation
104
When a person is thinking about implementing change but has not yet taken any steps to get started; an individual may take action within the next 6 months.
Contemplation
105
The client intends to act in the near future, usually within the next month.
Preparation
106
The client has made specific modifications in their exercise routine within the past 6 months.
Action
107
The client has been exercising for more than 6 months and is working to prevent relapse
Maintenance
108
Reflects the clients’ weighing of the pros and cons of changing.
Decisional balance
109
The ability to identify with another person’s feelings, attitudes, or thoughts.
Empathy
110
A relationship in which two people understand each other’s ideas, have respect for one another, and communicate well.
Rapport
111
The process of seeking to understand the meaning of the speaker’s words and restating the idea back to the speaker to confirm that they were understood correctly
Reflective listening
112
Listening style that involves having genuine interest in what the speaker is saying; requires the listener to fully concentrate to understand the speaker’s message.
Active listening
113
Directive questions that can be answered with one word, typically a yes or no.
Closed-ended questions
114
Nondirective questions that can’t be answered with a simple yes or no; they require critical thinking to formulate a response.
Open-ended questions
115
Short sentences that continue the client’s thoughts and add momentum to the conversation.
Collecting summaries
116
Summaries that tie together information the client has presented, perhaps even from previous sessions.
Linking summaries
117
Summaries used to wrap up a session or announce a shift in focus.
Transitional summaries
118
Positive statements about character strengths.
Affirmations
119
Client-centered, directive method for enhancing intrinsic motivation to change by exploring and resolving ambivalence.
Motivational interviewing
120
An internal conflict that occurs when an individual compares their actual self with their ideal self.
Self-discrepancy
121
Talk that represents and predicts movement away from change.
Sustain talk
122
Talk that reflects movement of the person toward behavior change.
Change talk
123
Goals focused on the end result.
Outcome goals
124
Tasks that are pursued to reach a final outcome.
Process goals
125
A behavior change technique that links a goal-directed response to situational cues by specifying when, where, and how to act.
Implementation intentions
126
A behavior change technique that involves anticipating barriers to goal action and proactively preparing strategies that prioritize intentional behavior over counterproductive habitual responses.
Coping plans
127
Internal dialogue in which the individual interprets feelings and perceptions, regulates and changes evaluations and convictions, and gives himself or herself instructions and reinforcement.
Self-talk
128
Replacing negative statements with positive statements.
Reverse listing
129
The act of saying “stop” out loud to undesired statements.
Stopping
130
When people believe the exact content of their own thoughts.
Cognitive fusion
131
The process created to produce internalized experiences.
Imagery
132
When a person imagines appearance or health related outcomes.
Appearance imagery
133
When a person creates mental images that increase energy and/or relieve stress.
Energy imagery
134
When individuals mentally rehearse their technique.
Technique imagery
135
The process to get oneself into a state of psychological readiness for performance.
Psyching up
136
The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal, and nervous systems
Human movement system (HMS)
137
A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement
Kinetic chain
138
A network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body
Nervous system
139
Specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system
Neuron
140
Cellular structure or organelle that contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes
Nucleus
141
Tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell. Examples include nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum
Organelles
142
The parts of the cell that use nutrients to create energy for the cell; commonly known as the powerhouses of the cell
Mitochondria
143
A part of the body, such as a muscle or organ, that receives a signal from a neuron to produce a physiological response
Effector sites
144
Minerals that have an electrical charge to help transmit nerve impulses throughout the body, such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium
Electrolytes
145
A division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system (CNS)
146
Nerves that connect the rest of the body to the central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
147
Sensory pathway that relays information to the central nervous system
Afferent pathway
148
A motor pathway that relays information from the central nervous system to the rest of the body
Efferent pathway
149
Neurons located within the spinal cord and brain that transmit impulses between afferent and efferent neurons
Interneurons
150
Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves
Mechanoreceptors
151
Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement
Somatic nervous system
152
A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body (e.g., circulating blood, digesting food, producing hormones)
Autonomic nervous system
153
Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state
Sympathetic nervous system
154
Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state
Parasympathetic nervous system
155
Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment
Sensory function
156
The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts
Proprioception
157
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision-making, which produces an appropriate response
Integrative function
158
The neuromuscular (or nervous and muscular systems) response to the integrated sensory information
Motor function
159
Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change.
Muscle spindles
160
Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening
Stretch reflex
161
A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change
Golgi tendon organ (GTO)
162
Receptors located in and around the joint capsule that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint
Joint receptors
163
The concept that the brain will continually change or grow, reforming neural pathways throughout an individual’s entire life span
Neuroplasticity
164
The interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord
Neurocircuitry
165
Specific movements through the coordinated effort of the sensory and motor subsystems
Motor skills
166
A description of the bones of the body
Skeletal system
167
A condition of reduced bone mineral density, which increases risk of bone fracture
Osteoporosis
168
The sites where two bones meet and movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction
Joints
169
A division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the vertebral column
Axial skeleton
170
A division of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle
Appendicular skeleton
171
Rigid rods where muscles attach
Levers
172
The process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of the bone structure
Remodeling
173
Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue
Osteoclasts
174
Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue
Osteoblasts
175
Scientific explanation of how remodeling (new bone growth) occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone
Wolff’s law
176
Flattened or indented portions of bone
Depressions
177
Projections protruding from the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach
Processes
178
Bones that house the spinal cord; consists of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral regions
Vertebral column
179
Bundle of nerves housed within the vertebrae
Spinal cord
180
Fibrous cartilage structures between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers and assist with movement
Intervertebral discs
181
Represents a position in which the vertebrae and associated structures are under the least amount of load and can most optimally support functional movement
Neutral Spine
182
Movement of a limb that is visible
Osteokinematics
183
The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin.
Arthrokinematics
184
A joint with a fluid-filled joint capsule
Synovial joints
185
A gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to side
Nonaxial
186
Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure
Nonsynovial joints
187
A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone
Ligament
188
A protein found in connective tissue, muscles, and skin that provides strength and structure. It is the most abundant protein in the human body
Collagen
189
A protein that provides elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments, and other structures
Elastin
190
A specialized cartilage disc located in the epiphysis that is responsible for longitudinal bone growth
Growth plate
191
The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement
Skeletal muscle
192
Connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones
Fascia
193
Inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle, commonly referred to as the “deep fascia.”
Epimysium
194
Largest bundles of fibers within a muscle. Fascicles are surrounded by perimysium
Fascicles
195
Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle
Perimysium
196
Connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers within a fascicle
Endomysium
197
Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate
Glycogen
198
Protein-based molecule that carries oxygen molecules into the muscles
Myoglobin
199
The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within a myofibril
Myofibrils
200
The filaments of a myofibril; include actin and myosin
Myofilaments
201
The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction
Actin
202
The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction
Myosin
203
The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines
Sarcomere
204
The meeting point of each sarcomere
Z-line
205
The nervous system’s signal that tells a muscle to contract
Neural activation
206
The specialized site where the nervous system communicates directly with muscle fibers
Neuromuscular junction
207
A junction or small gap between the motor neuron and muscle cells
Synapse
208
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates
Motor unit
209
Nerve impulse that is relayed from the central nervous system, through the peripheral nervous system, and into the muscle across the neuromuscular junction
Action potential
210
Chemical messengers that cross the synapse between neuron and muscle and assist with nerve transmission
Neurotransmitters
211
A neurotransmitter that helps the action potential cross the synapse into the muscle, which initiates the steps in a muscle contraction
Acetylcholine (ACh)
212
The series of steps in muscle contraction involving how myosin (thick) and actin (thin) filaments slide past one another to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere
Sliding filament theory
213
The physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a muscle contraction
Excitation-contraction coupling
214
The myosin heads bind to actin and pull them toward the sarcomere center, which slides the filaments past each other, shortening the muscle
Power stroke
215
A high-energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body; known as the energy currency of the body
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP):
216
The length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched
Resting length
217
Muscle fibers that are small in size, generate lower amounts of force, and are more resistant to fatigue
Type I muscle fibers
218
Muscle fibers that are larger in size, generate higher amounts of force, and are faster to fatigue
Type II muscle fibers
219
Motor units cannot vary the amount of force they generate; they either contract maximally or not at all
All-or-nothing principle
220
The smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues
Capillaries
