Terms˙˚ʚ(´◡`)ɞ˚˙

Question 1

Plant Tissues

Answer 1

tissues are categorized broadly into three tissue systems: the dermal, the ground tissue, and the vascular tissue.

Question 2

Dermal tissue

Answer 2

Dermal tissue covers and protects the plant, and controls gas exchange and water absorption (in roots)

Question 3

Ground tissue

Answer 3

Ground tissue makes up much of the interior of a plant and carries out basic metabolic functions. Ground tissue in stems provides support and may store food or water. Ground tissues in roots may also store food.

Question 4

Vascular tissue

Answer 4

Vascular tissue transports water, minerals, and sugars to different parts of the plant.
Vascular tissue is made of two specialized conducting tissues: xylem and phloem
. Xylem tissue transports water and nutrients from the roots to different parts of the plant, and also plays a role in structural support in the stem.
.The phloem carries food downward from the leaves to the roots…..
Not all plants have Vascular tissue

Question 5

Blade of the leaf

Answer 5

It’s generally broad and flat. It is in this layer that photosynthesis occurs.

Question 6

Petiole of the leaf

Answer 6

The petiole connects the leaf blade to the plant stem

Question 7

epidermis of the leaf

Answer 7

The outermost layer of the leaf is the epidermis. It consists of the upper and lower epidermis, which are present on either side of the leaf.
epidermis mediates exchanges, limiting water loss, controlling gas exchange, transmitting sunlight for photosynthesis,

Question 8

Cuticle of the leaf

Answer 8

The primary function of the plant cuticle is as a water permeability barrier that prevents evaporation of water from the epidermal surface, and also prevents external water and solutes from entering the tissues.

Question 9

Stoma of the leaf

Answer 9

Stomata regulate gas exchange between the plant and environment and control of water loss by changing the size of the stomatal pore.

Question 10

Guard cells of the leaf

Answer 10

that are used to control gas exchange. They are produced in pairs with a gap between them

Question 11

Mesophyll

Question 12

Palisade Mesophyll

Answer 12

is where most of the photosynthesis occurs in the leaf.

Question 13

Spongy Mesophyll

Answer 13

The spongy mesophyll cells are covered by a thin layer of water. Gases dissolve in this water as they move into and out of the cells. When the plant is photosynthesizing, these features allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the spongy mesophyll cells, and oxygen to diffuse out of them.

Question 14

Photosynthesis

Answer 14

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that, through cellular respiration,

Question 15

Chlorophyll

Answer 15

Chlorophyll is essential in photosynthesis, allowing plants to absorb energy from light.

Question 16

Thylakoids

Answer 16

Thylakoids are the internal membranes of chloroplasts , and provide the platform for the light reactions of photosynthesis
they are stacks of coin shaped membranes

Question 17

Stroma

Answer 17

Fluid that fills the

chloroplast is stroma

Question 18

Light independent reactions

Answer 18

It captures energy from sunlight. These reactions take place within and across the membrane of the thylakoids. Water and sunlight are needed for this stage of photosynthesis.

Question 19

Reaction Center Chlorophyll

Answer 19

Photosystem: group of highly specialized
chlorophyll molecules connected to the
“main” (reaction center) chlorophyll

Question 20

Electron Carrier

Answer 20

molecule that transports

high-energy electrons

Question 21

NADP+

Answer 21

NADP+ plus a proton equals the electron carrier this forms the electron carrier NADPH

Question 22

NADPH

Answer 22

NADPH is involved in light- independent reactions

Question 23

ATP

Answer 23

Main energy source for all 
living things-----
--
At a molecular level, this is 
how proteins use energy
--
ATP has three parts
Adenine (nitrogeneous base)
Ribose (sugar)
P-groups

Question 24

ADP

Answer 24

ADP is the lower energy

version of ATP

Question 25

ATP | Synthase

Answer 25

in Step 7 of light reactions : Uses a special protein, ATP Synthase, like a water wheel to add P to ADP to make ATP

Question 26

Electron | Transport Chain

Answer 26

``` Electrons are passed down the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) ```  it Pulls them through the membrane against their [gradient]

Question 27

Light-Independent/calvin cycle/photosytem 1

Answer 27

``` Step 1: CO2, waiting in the spongy mesophyll, is taken up by the cell and given to thylakoid--an Enzyme takes the CO2 and combines it with RuBP -- Step 2: ATP and NADPH are used ---- Step 3: One of the G3P leaves the cycle Cycle must run twice for each molecule of glucose --- Step 4: Remaining carbon compounds rearrange themselves Ready to start the cycle again! ``` LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION USES THE ENERGY FROM LIGHT DEPENDENT

Question 28

rubisco,

Answer 28

rubisco, takes the CO2 and combines it with (RuBP) for the calvin cycle

Question 29

RUBP

Answer 29

is a five-carbon sugar which reacts with CO2 in the first step of the Calvin cycle for fixing carbon in photosynthetic systems

Question 30

3-PGA

Answer 30

3-phosphoglycerate

Question 31

G3P

Answer 31

a high-energy 3-C | compound made from ATP and NADPH

Question 32

Glucose

Answer 32

Light- inderpendent reactions make glucose

Question 33

Why are palisade and spongy mesophyll arranged the way they are?

Answer 33

Spongy mesophyll tissue is packed loosely for efficient gas exchange-- -- palisade cells are well positioned to absorb light required for photosynthesis

Question 34

Why are stomata found on the bottom of the leaf?

Answer 34

They are found at the bottom of the leaf to reduce water loss/ protect it from evaporation.... --- also to protect it from heat and dehydration

Question 35

How are ATP and glucose similar? How are they different?

Answer 35

SIM- Both organic compounds...Both contain C,H,O DIFF- Glucose is the primary energy source of the cell and ATP is more of the "energy currency of the cell" because it can release energy or storage it

Question 36

How is energy stored and released in ATP?

Answer 36

STORED- it is stored in light depended reaction ADP is helped turned into ATP when hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase then a phostate gets added to ADP and it becomes ATP RELEASED- it is released in light-independent reactions it is used when a six carbon chain is split in half. ATP becomes ADP

Question 37

What is the equation for photosynthesis? (words and chemical)

Answer 37

6CO2 + 6H20 + (energy) → C6H12O6 + 6O2 -- Carbon dioxide + water + energy from light produce glucose and oxygen. --- H20 molecules are split and Oxygen molecules are released as waste.. carbon dioxide is added to 5 carbon molecule to eventually form glucose. the 602 is waste from the first step

Question 38

Light-dependent/photosystem 2

Answer 38

STEP 1- Engery is absorber through sunlight STEP 2- water molecules are broken down STEP 3- Hydrogen Ions are transported across the thylakoid membrane STEP 4- engery is absorbed from sun light STEP 5- NADPH is produced when electrons are added to NADP STEP 6- hydrogen ions diffuse through a protein channle STEP 7- ADP is changed into ATP when hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase.

Question 39

Why are H+ ions important in photosynthesis?

Answer 39

1. to create a gradient and activate ATP synthase === 2. they are used to create NADPH

Question 40

Trace the path of an electron from water to its final electron acceptor in p-syn.

Answer 40

Electrons are formed when water molecules are broken down. Electrons enter the electron transport chain. Energy from the electrons pump hydrogen ions across thylakoid membrane. Electrons are added to NADP to form NADPH.

Question 41

How is ATP made using electron transport chains?

Answer 41

The electron transport chain transport H+ ions across thylakoid membrane. this creates a H+ gradient. Then H+ ions diffuse through a protein channel. To form ATP

Question 42

Why must the molecules rearrange to make RuBP after one of the G3P molecules leaves?

Answer 42

They must continue the cycle

Question 43

Why do plants bother to make glucose?

Answer 43

Glucose contains more energy than ATP and it is more stable