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biology 1010 - leo lion > Terms > Flashcards

Terms Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Chemical element:

A

A fundamental substance containing only one kind of atom

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2
Q

Mass number

A

of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

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3
Q

Atomic mass:

A

Atomic weight, average or relative.
Average: protons and different # of neutrons

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4
Q

Radio isotopes:

A

Give off energy in the form of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation from the nucleus (radioactive decay)

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5
Q

Molecule

A

A stable association of atoms of an element

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6
Q

Orbital

A

Region where an electron is found 90% of the time
Electron shells/energy levels

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7
Q

Chemical bond:

A

• Attractive forces holding atoms together
• Attractive force that links atoms together to form molecules
• A lasting attraction between atoms, ions, or molecules that enables the formation of a chemical compound

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8
Q

Covalent bonds:

A

Atoms share electrons. Each atom contributes an electron.

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9
Q

Compound bonds:

A

Pure substance made of two or more different elements bonded together in a fixed ratio.

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10
Q

Ionic bonds:

A

When one atom is much more electronegative than the other a complete transfer of electrons may occur

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11
Q

Ion:

A

Electrically charged particles formed when atoms lose or gain electrons.

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12
Q

Hydrogen bonds:

A

Attraction between the δ⁻ end of one molecule and the δ⁺ end of another molecule

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13
Q

Vander Waals forces:

A

Attraction between nonpolar molecules (compounds) that are close together (brief and weak)

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14
Q

Chemical reactions:

A

The making and breaking of chemical bonds - transforms substances

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15
Q

Energy:

A

The capacity to do work or the capacity for change.

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16
Q

Mole:

A

(unit) a name for a specific amount of substance
Mass of one mole: molecular weight of a compound (one mole) = sum of atomic weights of all atoms in a molecule

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17
Q

Cohesion:

A

Something that sticks to itself (surface tension)

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18
Q

Adhesion

A

Something that sticks to other things (capillary action)

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19
Q

Solution:

A

substance dissolved in liquid (solvent)

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20
Q

Homeostasis:

A

Living organisms maintain constant internal conditions

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21
Q

Monomers

A

Small molecules that bond together to form more complex structures

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22
Q

Polymer:

A

A long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks (monomers) and contain thousands more atoms

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23
Q

Functional group:

A

A specific group of atoms or bonds within a compound that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of that compound

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24
Q

Isomer

A

Molecules with the same chemical formula, but the atoms are arranged differently

25
Q

Condensation:

A

(dehydration) reactions where energy is used to make covalent bonds between monomers to make a polymer; a water molecule is removed (loss or produce)

26
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Reaction where polymers are broken down into monomers; energy is released and water is consumed

27
Q

Protein:

A

A biologically functional macromolecule made from one or more polypeptide chains

28
Q

polypeptide chain:

A

A single, unbranched polymer built from a set of 20 amino acids

29
Q

amino acids:

A

Organic molecules (monomers) with carboxyl and amino groups - they function as an acid and a base

30
Q

Oligo peptides or peptides:

A

Short polymers of 20 or fewer amino acids

31
Q

Primary structure:

A

A unique sequence of amino acids

32
Q

Secondary structure:

A

The coils and folds result from hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone

33
Q

Tertiary structure:

A

Determined by interactions between R groups rather than interactions between backbone constituents

34
Q

Quaternary structure:

A

Many proteins have two or more polypeptide chains or subunits

35
Q

Carbohydrates:

A

Biomolecules with similar atomic composition but differ greatly in size, chemical function, and biological functions.

36
Q

Monosaccharides:

A

Simple sugars

37
Q

Disaccharides:

A

Two simple sugars linked covalently

38
Q

Oligo saccharides

A

3-20 monosaccharides

39
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides, polymers

40
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

covalent bonds of carbohydrates

41
Q

Osmosis

A

A process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one

42
Q

Lipids

A

Defined by their insolubility in water

43
Q

Glycerol

A

An alcohol with each carbon with a hydroxyl group

44
Q

Fatty acid

A

Nonpolar hydrocarbon chain with a polar carboxyl group

45
Q

Ester linkages

A

Covalent bonds of fatty acids

46
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

No double bonds between carbons - it is saturated with H atoms

47
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

One or more double bonds in the carbon chain resulting in kinks that prevent packing

48
Q

Trans fats

A

H atoms are on opposite sides of the C=C bond, results form hydrogenation of vegetable oils

49
Q

Phospholipids

A

Fatty acids bound to glycerol; a phosphate group replaces a fatty acid

50
Q

Amphipathic

A

1 hydrophobic end and 1 hydrophilic end

51
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Biopolymers or large biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life. Specialized for storage, transmission, and use of genetic information.

52
Q

Base (DNA)

A

Two forms of nitrogenous bases:
Pyrimidines: cytosine, thiamine, uracil - one ring
Purines: adenine, guanine - two rings

53
Q

Phosphate groups

A

links the 3′ carbon in one sugar to the 5′ carbon in another sugar.

54
Q

Characteristics of RNA

A

Single-stranded
Contains uracil rather than thiamine
In RNA the bases are attached to ribose

55
Q

Characteristics of DNA

A

Two strands running in opposite directions held together by hydrogen bonds
Contains thiamine rather than uracil
Bases attached to deoxyribose

56
Q

Complimentary base pairing

A

Purines pair with pyrimidines by hydrogen bonds

57
Q

Genes

A

Sequences of DNA that are transcribed into RNA

58
Q

The central dogma of molecular biology

A

The premise that information flows from DNA to RNA to polypeptides

biology 1010 - leo lion (1 decks)

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