Terms Flashcards
also known as Americanism, coined by The American Legion, a WW1 veteran’s association. It’s essentially an ideology that promotes the devotion of any and everything American- values, symbols, and more.
100% Americans
The Amendment to the United States Constitution allows Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states on the basis of population
16th Amendment
est. prohibition of alcohol; aka National Prohibition Act/Volstead Act (in BOOK)
18th Amendment
prohibits states denying rights to vote to citizens based on gender; basically, allowing U.S. women the right to vote
19th Amendment
repeals 18th amendment (Prohibition)
21st Amendment
The leading organization lobbying for prohibition in the US in the early 20th century. Founded in 1893 in a state society in Ohio, it became a national organization by 1895. After the adoption of the 18th Amendment in 1919, it sought strict enforcement of the Prohibition laws, but it lost influence in American politics after the repeal of that amendment in 1933. In 1950 it merged with other groups to form the National Temperance League.
Anti-Saloon League
aka style moderne, movement in the decorative arts and architecture that originated in the 1920s and developed into a major style in western Europe and the US during the 1930s. The distinguishing features of the style are simple, clean shapes, often with a “streamlined” look; ornament that is geometric or stylized from representational forms; and unusually varied, often expensive materials, which frequently include man-made substances in addition to natural ones.
Art Deco Movement
The loss of investor confidence and price declines in the stock market culminated in October 24, 1929, when the market lost 11% of its value. Wall Street bankers then convened to place lucrative bids on blue chip stocks to stabilize the market.
Black Thursday
October 28th proved disastrous as investors continued dropping out. The market slid by 13%.
Black Monday
Located in Russia. WWI, government corruption, autocratic policies of Tsar Nicholas II, led to food riots in St. Petersburg in 1917. Lenin and his Bolsheviks unified the disparate “soviets” (worker’s councils) of Petrograd and Moscow and defeated an opposing provisional government led by Aleksandr Kerensky. October Revolution, the piece de resistance, went almost bloodlessly as Lenin’s supporters occupied government buildings and installed the Bolsheviks in power.
Bolshevik Revolution
A revision to the Alien Land Law of 1913 (Webb-Haney Act), prohibiting even short-term leases of land to aliens ineligible for citizenship. Passed due to anti-Asian and anti-Japanese sentiment in California, the 1820 law created significant agricultural downturn in Japanese communities.
California Alien Land Law of 1920
Part of the Red Scare. Happened during an Armistice Day anniversary parade in Centralia, where American Legion veterans and IWW members attacked each other. Six died, mostly Legionnaires. One IWW member, Wesley Everest, attempted to escape but was lynched by a mob.
Centralia Massac
Gang wars in Chicago from 1920 to 1933 between the Chicago Outfit, North Side Gang, and Joseph Saltis’ organization fought for control of the city’s black markets. Most famous is the Saint Valentine’s Day Massacre on Feb 14th, 1929.
Chicago Beer Wars
Built between 1928 to 1930. It was briefly the tallest building in the world, at 1046 feet (broken by the Empire State Building in 1931). Walter P. Chrysler commissioned it with stainless steel automobile icons. A major restoration occurred in the 80s.
Chrysler Building
James Murray Spangler invented a portable electric vacuum cleaner. He founded the Electric Suction Sweeper Company to manufacture his design. Later, his vacuum became known as the Hoover vacuum cleaner. William H. Hoover invested in the company and later became president of the company. In 1922, he renamed the company the Hoover Company. Under his lead, many improvements were made in both design and marketing. This led to the Hoover Company being the largest vacuum cleaner manufacturer in the world.
Electric Suction Sweeper Company
an activity or form of entertainment that allows people to forget about the real problems of life
Escapism
1920s fad, kickstarted by stuntman Alvin “Shipwreck” Kelly when he sat on a flagpole for 13 hours. Avon Freeman, a 15-year-old, sat for 10 hours on a flagpole in Baltimore. Largely petered out during the Great Depression.
Flagpole Sitting
young women known for wearing short dresses and bobbed hair and for embracing freedom from traditional societal constraints. Was a directly opposite image of the Gibson Girl. Influences included the increase of women’s freedoms from WWI and passing of the Suffrage Act.
Flapper
Pro-business law passed that raised tariffs on American imported goods to protect factories and farms in 1922. European trading partners, who needed American exports to pay war loans complained, as did farmers who believed it exacerbated the agricultural depression.
Fordney-McCumber Tariff
coined by Curtis Lee Laws, editor of a Baptist newspaper. Largely in response to the religious liberalism as well as challenges to theology in the Scopes monkey trial. By the 1920s, denominations like the Presbyterians and Baptists adhered to fundamentalist beliefs.
Fundamentalist
Established in 1908 and operated manufacturing and assembly plants and distribution centers of automobiles and trucks. The headquarters are in Detroit. Founded to consolidate several motorcar companies Buick, Oldsmobile, Cadillac, and Oakland (Pontiac)
General Motors
Started as a general strike called on by the IWW and then grew to call all mine workers to strike on October 18th. Across the state 113 were closed and 13 remained open. After 5 weeks, miners were desperate to end it and more police, and the National Guard were drafted into Serene. On Nov. 21st 500 miners marched to the north gate of town and were met by militiamen with tear gas, then the miners began to scale the gate while being fired upon resulting in 6 deaths and 60+ injuries (2 killed in Walsenburg also). Josephine Roche brought an end declaring that the company union was with the AFL
Great Colorado Coal Strike of 1927
known as the Jones-Stalker Act, enacted during Prohibition. Purpose to tighten punishments by those who violated Prohibition laws.
Increased Penalties Act (1929)
Enacted in 1924, granted citizenship to all Native Americans born in the U.S. The right to vote, however, was governed by state law; until 1957, some states barred Native Americans from voting.
Indian Citizenship Act (1924)
built from 1908 to 1927 by the Ford Motor Company, which were constructed in Detroit and Highland Park, Michigan. It costs only about 4 months of the average wage, which meant its prices constituted approximately 40% of all cars in the US at a time. Known also as the “Tin Lizzie” or the “flivver”.
Model T
shorthand for motor hotels, which were often built next to interstates due to the abundance of automobiles. They were originally independently operated but soon became subsidized into large chains.
The first one was in California
Motels
created for the abolition of segregation in the United States. Created primarily by W. E. B. Du Bois. They primarily sought anti-lynching legislation in the 1920s, with a landmark Supreme Court victory in Moore v. Dempsey that helped Federal courts oversee state criminal justice.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
the oldest American broadcast network, founded by General Electric subsidy the Radio Corp. Of America, with sponsorships from AT&T and the Westinghouse Electric Corp. It was divided up into two networks: the Blue Network, which hosted news and cultural programs, and the Red Network, which sponsored music and entertainment programs.
The National Broadcast Company (NBC)
an anti-immigrant philosophy adopted by many Americans. In the 20s, it was largely peddled by the Ku Klux Klan and the eugenics movement. The movement at least partly moved Congress to pass the Immigrant Act of 1924, which curbed immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe.
Nativism
Term used by Henry James, British-American writer, to describe the growth in independent and educated career women in the US and Europe.
“New Woman”
Established first by Harry Davis at Pittaburgh in 1905, nickelodeons offered 15-minute films for a nickel. In the 1920s, more comfortably furnished “movie palaces” were also constructed due to criticism that nickeolodeons were crude.
Nickelodeons
Second generation Japanese immigrants. In the 1920s, tight immigrantion policies meant a big boom in the nisei generation, distinct from their issei Japanese parents.
Nisei
Group of politicians associated with Warren Harding, grew notorious due to their scandals. The leader of the gang was Harry Daugherty, attorney general, and also included Albert Fall, Will Hays, Charles Forbes, and Jess Smith. Most lost their power after Coolidge’s ascension.
Ohio Gang
raids conducted under Mitchell Palmer during 1919 and 1920. Palmer, who thought the raids would establish him as a Democratic presidential candidate, exposed a revolutionary plot organized by the Union of Russian Workers and deported foreigners aboard the Soviet Ark. Palmer’s investigations into the army, unfulfilled prophecy of a 1920 revolution, and suspicions about the raids’ constitutionality ended them.
Palmer Raids
The first proposed blueprint for a national highway system. Came out of a need to supplement railroads due to WWI logistics. Army general J. Pershing and head of the Public Roads Bureau T. H. MacDonald worked together to present the map to Congress.
Pershing Map
Social gatherings where unwed young people conducted sexual exploration, typically on college campuses.
Petting Parties
elaborate movie theaters. Architects for picture palaces experimented with atmospheric and exotic designs. The first picture palace, the Mark Strand Theater, opened in Time Square in 1914.
Picture Palace
Founded by Clarence Saunders in 1916 in Memphis, Tennessee. The concept of customers choosing what they wanted were called “grocerterias”, or grocer-cafeterias. They were first to provide check out stands, price tags on every product, and shopping carts. The Stock Exchange ultimately concluded Piggly Wiggly had a monopoly in the supermarket business, leading Saunders to lose 9 million in stocks.
Piggly Wiggly
